China and Russia agree joint statement on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation and Deepening Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation

Among the 40 agreements concluded during Russian President Vladimir Putin’s May 19-20 successful state visit to China the most comprehensive was the joint statement on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation and Deepening Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation.

At a little over 11,700 words, it covers a huge range of bilateral and international issues testifying to the close coordination, consensus and complementarity that has been painstakingly built between the world’s two main anti-hegemonic powers.

Some of the salient points in the joint statement are as follows:

This year marks the 30th anniversary of both sides’ declaration of their determination to develop a strategic partnership of cooperation for the 21st century based on equal trust and equality, and the 25th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good-neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation.

The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation inherits and promotes the long-standing tradition of China-Russia exchanges, follows recognised principles and norms of international law, and lays a long-term legal foundation for the development of contemporary China-Russia relations. It not only fully demonstrates the long-standing good-neighbourly friendship and the willingness to develop intergenerational friendship between the peoples of both countries, but also concretely embodies the common values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom for all humanity.

The basic principles of bilateral cooperation established in the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation have stood the test of time and still hold significant practical significance today. The bilateral relationship is characterised by non-alignment, non-confrontation, and non-targeting of third countries.

Both sides agreed to extend the treaty in accordance with Article 25 of the Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation, and will continue to abide by the principles and spirit of the treaty.

Both sides will continue to consolidate the traditional friendship between the two militaries, enhance mutual trust in the military field, improve cooperation mechanisms, expand joint exercises and joint sea and air patrols, strengthen coordination under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, jointly address various risks and challenges, and jointly safeguard global and regional security and stability.

Both sides emphasised the need to protect memorial facilities for martyrs who died in World War II within each other’s territories, and will continue cooperation in the protection and management of these facilities, jointly promoting the search and extraction of martyrs and missing remains, commemorating and honouring heroes, and improving the foundations of relevant laws and regulations.

Both sides highly appreciated the further deepening of coordination and cooperation under the tripartite mechanism involving Mongolia, as well as the prospects for the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor and will actively promote the implementation and cooperation of key joint projects under the framework of this corridor. Both sides agreed to assist Mongolia in joining the regional integration process, including the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.

Both sides will further strengthen cooperation in the protection of wildlife such as the Amur tiger, Amur leopard, giant panda, golden snub-nosed monkey, and migratory birds, and enhance the exchange of management experiences in nature reserves.

Both sides agreed to strengthen close cooperation in environmental protection and water resources. Continue to deepen cooperation in cross-border water and hydrological flood reporting and flood control to ensure flood safety in border areas between the two countries. Continue to deepen practical cooperation in water quality protection across boundary water bodies, maintain cooperation on emergency liaison for sudden ecological environmental incidents, promote the construction of a network of transboundary nature reserves, protect biodiversity, strengthen cooperation in waste management, and continue to advance nature conservation cooperation under the framework of the G20, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the Northeast Asia subregional environmental protection cooperation program.

Both sides agreed to deepen pragmatic cooperation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union under the framework of the “Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union,” and to continuously advance the alignment of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union development plan in areas such as transportation, logistics, transportation, digitalisation, e-commerce, policy coordination and elimination of trade barriers, food, and agricultural product trade. Both sides believe that this dialogue mechanism is crucial for promoting trade cooperation, facilitating deepening economic integration and connectivity in the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions, and advancing the joint development of the Belt and Road Initiative and the establishment of the Greater Eurasian Partnership. Both sides are willing to further upgrade and expand the institutional arrangements for economic and trade cooperation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states.

Both sides highly appreciate the positive achievements of sports exchanges between the two countries and look forward to further strengthening sports exchanges and cooperation.

Both sides affirmed the positive outcomes of the 4th China-Russia Winter Youth Games and the 10th China-Russia Summer Youth Games held in Russia. Both sides agreed to continue the tradition of alternating winter and summer youth sports in China and Russia, confirming that the 5th and 11th China-Russia Winter Youth Games will be held in China.

Both sides pointed out the need to further develop exchanges in traditional ethnic sports of greatest concern, strengthen interregional sports cooperation, agree to use China-Russia sports venues for joint training and sports competitions, including winter sports, and emphasised the need to further expand cooperation in sports education and research, positively evaluate the role of the China-Russia Sports School Alliance, and support sports education institutions in both countries to establish connections through joint forums, conferences, and online courses.

Both sides pointed out that today’s world is intertwined with turmoil, geopolitical competition is intensifying, and local conflicts and turmoil are frequent. Global deficits in peace, development, security, and governance continue to grow, and international relations management is lacking. Both sides reiterated their firm opposition to hegemonism and unilateralism, opposed the world’s regression to power politics, and firmly upheld the authority of the United Nations and its core role in international affairs. Both sides firmly oppose unilateral sanctions, secondary sanctions, and discriminatory use of tariffs and other restrictive measures in trade, calling on all parties to earnestly uphold the multilateral trading system centered on the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and maintain the stability and smooth flow of global industrial and supply chains.

Both sides pointed out that some countries pursue hegemonism and cling to neo-colonial thinking, and their aggressive policies have led to increasingly fierce international competition and continued heightened global tensions. These countries attempt to infringe on the sovereignty of others, suppress their economic and technological development, and create obstacles to building a multipolar world.

Both sides condemn any unilateral coercive, punitive, and discriminatory protectionist measures taken by any country, group, or alliance that violates international law, sovereign equality, and the principles of non-interference in internal affairs. Both sides call for the lifting of illegal unilateral coercive measures that undermine international law and the principles of the UN Charter, reaffirming that neither side implements nor supports any sanctions not approved by the UN Security Council that conflict with international law.

Both sides pointed out that, based on the principle of sovereign equality established in the UN Charter, countries must strictly comply with their international obligations regarding immunity for states and their property (including sovereign reserves). Both sides strongly condemn any illegal acts of freezing, seizing, misappropriating, or otherwise appropriating other countries’ property and assets, and emphasise that victim states have the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.

Both sides emphasised that China’s proposal to build a community with a shared future for humanity and a series of global initiatives are of important and positive significance. Both sides will closely cooperate on maintaining international peace, stability, and security, and will therefore fully support and promote each other’s initiatives in international settings.

Both sides emphasised that China’s proposed Global Security Initiative is of great significance for reforming and improving global security governance. We advocate that all countries comprehensively and fully abide by the purposes and principles of the United Nations Charter, uphold respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, and oppose acts that infringe upon the fundamental interests of other countries, especially in the field of security.

Both sides firmly condemn all external military coercion aimed at undermining the unity and equal cooperation of the Eurasian continent. China highly appreciates Russia’s initiative to build an equal and indivisible “Eurasian Security Architecture,” which aims to achieve long-term stability in the region and create a development environment free from external interference threats for countries in the region. Both sides call on all countries to uphold the principles of global and regional security equality and indivisibility, and to build a common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security.

Both sides will continue to resolutely defend the correct view of World War II history, firmly safeguard the achievements of World War II as enshrined in the UN Charter, the Charters of the Nuremberg and Far Eastern International Military Tribunals, and the court documents, and firmly oppose any attempt to deny or distort the history of World War II.

Both sides are willing to continue strengthening cooperation to combat acts that glorify Nazis, fascists, and militarists, as well as attempts to revive the aforementioned unconstructive ideologies and deny the facts of genocide. Both sides pointed out that carrying out correct historical education, protecting memorials to the peoples of both countries and the martyrs who fought side by side during World War II, and opposing desecration and damage to these memorials are of great significance. Both sides firmly condemn acts that exonerate collusion with Nazis, fascists, and militarists for committing war crimes and crimes against humanity.

Russia reiterated its adherence to the One-China principle, recognising that there is only one China in the world, that Taiwan is an inseparable part of China’s territory, and that the government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing all of China. We firmly oppose any form of “Taiwan independence,” emphasising that interfering in the Taiwan issue, which is purely China’s internal affairs, undermines peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait, and firmly support the Chinese government’s measures to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification.

China firmly supports Russia in safeguarding national security, stability, development, and prosperity, firmly supports Russia in safeguarding sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russia’s internal affairs.

Both sides pointed out that brazenly launching military strikes against other countries, pretending to be negotiating while in reality killing sovereign state leaders, shaking their domestic political environment, inciting regime change, and forcibly capturing and trying a head of state seriously violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, seriously violate international law and the basic norms of international relations, and seriously undermine the foundations of the international order and civilisational exchanges between states formed after World War II. Both sides firmly oppose and strongly condemn this, pointing out that the main cause of instability on the Eurasian continent today is external destructive interference.

Both sides affirmed the positive role of the Russia-US New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty in preventing arms races, reducing strategic risks, and maintaining strategic stability. They expressed regret over the US’s irresponsible attitude after the treaty expired, resulting in the treaty not being retained in the form of voluntary self-limitation, and called on the US to create necessary conditions responsibly to promote coordinated strategic stability. China appreciates Russia’s initiative that Russia and the US should continue to comply with the core limits of the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty of April 8, 2010, reflecting Russia’s commitment to maintaining predictability, restraint, and balance in this field.

Both sides pointed out that the plans and actions of certain nuclear-armed states and their allies to deploy ground-based short- and intermediate-range missiles abroad pose a threat to other nuclear-armed states. It is concerning that the missiles have short flight times and are suitable for high-precision, large-scale strikes on important key facilities and targets located within the borders of other nuclear-armed states. Meanwhile, some nuclear-armed states within military alliances and blocs, as well as non-nuclear-weapon states, implement strategies such as “active suppression of launches,” “deep precision strikes,” “kill chains,” and “counterattack capabilities,” carrying out preemptive and preventive missile strikes, decapitating and disarming the enemy. Such actions are serious destabilising factors and pose strategic threats to the targeted countries. Both sides strongly condemn such provocative actions that undermine regional stability and global security and will work together to respond.

Both sides believe that the U.S. “Golden Dome” program aims to build a global, multi-layered, multi-domain missile defence system without any constraints, to withstand threats from all stages of missile preparation, from pre-launch to flight, including any “evenly matched” adversary, causing significant damage to strategic stability. This plan completely denies the inseparability of the interconnection between strategic offensive and strategic defensive weapons—the core principle for maintaining strategic stability—greatly increasing the risk of outer space conflicts, weaponising outer space and turning it into a site for armed confrontation. This violates the objectives of the Treaty on the Principles of Observance of Outer Space (Observance of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies) (i.e., the Outer Space Treaty), which aims for the peaceful use of outer space, thereby worsening the situation.

Both sides oppose placing any weapons in outer space, using or threatening to use force against external objects, oppose attempts by individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation, and oppose policies aimed at seeking military hegemony and defining outer space as a “combat territory.” Therefore, both sides pointed out that the US Golden Dome missile defence system, which researches and implements space-based interception, has a serious negative impact on international security. Both sides emphasised that the plan greatly increases the risk of armed conflict in outer space, encourages the placement of weapons in outer space, and causes armed conflicts to spread to outer space, prompting the use or threat of force against external objects, or the use of force by external objects, which deviates from the objectives of the Treaty on the peaceful use of outer space.

Both sides are deeply concerned about Japan’s long-term stockpiling of sensitive nuclear materials with no credible civilian use, and are wary of the country’s right-wing forces’ unacceptable ambitions and extreme provocations, namely promoting revisions to the “Three Non-Nuclear Principles,” including shifting toward more destructive “extended deterrence” involving potential “nuclear sharing” with allies, and even attempting to acquire nuclear weapons independently. They urge the Japanese government to strictly comply with international legal obligations such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

Both sides expressed concern over statements with pro-nuclear tendencies issued by some nominally non-nuclear European states, calling on the International Atomic Energy Agency to closely monitor and ensure proper regulation of nuclear materials and activities by such countries.

China and Russia recognise that artificial intelligence technology is one of the main factors significantly affecting the speed and quality of economic and social transformation and are willing to promote the inclusive development of AI for good, opposing individual countries using AI as a geopolitical tool to maintain their hegemonic position. Both sides support strengthening international cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence, unlocking the dividends of intelligent development, and addressing potential risks and challenges related to AI. Russia welcomes China’s initiative to establish the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organisation.

Both sides emphasised that the UN Security Council bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, reiterated the need to comply with the UN Charter’s principles prohibiting or threatening the use of force, and condemned unilateral military interventions not based on individual or collective self-defence or without Security Council authorisation. Oppose and condemn any unilateral coercive measures that violate international law and are not authorised by the Security Council. Both sides attach great importance to the work of the “Friends of the United Nations Charter” group and will continue to actively participate in it.

Russia supports China’s proposed Global Development Initiative and will continue to participate in the work of the “Friends of the Global Development Initiative” group. Both sides will continue to promote the international community’s focus on development issues, increase investment in development, deepen pragmatic cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and China and Russia attach great importance to cooperation within the SCO framework. Together with all member states, both sides will continue to strive to promote the SCO’s strategic role in building a multipolar world based on recognised international law, cultural and civilisational diversity, reciprocal and equal cooperation among states, and a just multipolar world centred on the United Nations. Both sides will promote deepening cooperation within the SCO framework, making it the foundation for establishing a secure, indivisible, and sustainable space across the Eurasian continent.

China and Russia emphasised that the principle of openness is the cornerstone of the SCO, and they support the continuous admitting of countries that recognise the purposes, tasks, and basic principles of the SCO Charter, as well as countries that recognise mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilisations, and seek common development of the “Shanghai Spirit” to join the SCO. They reaffirm their willingness to cooperate with all relevant countries and international organizations, including within the framework of the “SCOO+” framework.

Both sides pointed out that the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) plays an important role in ensuring stability and comprehensive development of multipolar cooperation in the Eurasian region. They support the SCO’s acquisition of CIS observer status on October 10, 2025, as an opportunity to deepen its ties with the CIS.

Both sides are willing to continue strengthening dialogue and cooperation within the BRICS framework and promote high-quality development of “Greater BRICS cooperation.” Both sides are willing to support India in serving as the BRICS chair in 2026, uniting BRICS countries to strengthen their strategic partnership in three main areas: political security, economy, trade and finance (based on the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy), and cultural exchanges. Both sides are willing to work with other BRICS member and partner countries to implement the consensus reached at previous BRICS leaders’ meetings, enhance the organisation’s international influence, and promote close ties between BRICS countries and developing countries by attracting more partner countries to participate in “BRICS+” and the BRICS Peripheral Dialogue and Pragmatic Cooperation Mechanism. Russia supports China in serving as the 2027 BRICS chair and in preparing for the summit and is willing to provide necessary assistance.

Both sides highly appreciate the constructive cooperation between China and Russia within the framework of the G20, reiterate their willingness to continue strengthening coordination and cooperation within the G20, the main forum for international economic cooperation, unite countries in the Global South, promote the establishment of an equal and orderly world multipolarity and inclusive, non-discriminatory economic globalisation, and make the world market, supply chain, and related mechanisms more equal and open.

Both sides reiterated that the immunity of national officials under foreign criminal jurisdiction is an important guarantee for the stable operation of international relations. Any act that violates the rules of international law exempting national officials does not comply with the principle of sovereign equality of states. Both sides emphasised that senior national officials such as heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers enjoy absolute personal immunity, and that national officials representing or exercising state functions enjoy personal immunity when acting in official capacity. Illegal arrests, trials, or other actions against foreign national officials who enjoy immunity such as heads of state in violation of recognised international law rules are unacceptable.

Both sides call for adherence to the principle of shared but differentiated responsibilities, considering the importance of strengthening cooperation to address climate change and its impacts, and for achieving low-emission development. Reaffirm adherence to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement. Both sides highly appreciate their ambitious 2035 nationally determined greenhouse gas reduction targets set for implementing the Paris Agreement.

Both sides welcome the bilateral expert dialogue held within the framework of the China-Russia Climate Change Contact Group. We are willing to continue strengthening exchanges and cooperation in addressing climate change and green low-carbon fields, including low-emission technologies, greenhouse gas emission monitoring, reporting, and verification, cross-border carbon trading, and product carbon footprint assessment and accounting.

Both sides are concerned about certain unilateral protectionist measures that hinder global climate action and the costs of just energy transition, especially in developing countries, firmly oppose any unilateral discriminatory measures under the pretext of addressing climate change, and emphasise that measures taken to address climate change should not constitute arbitrary or unreasonable discriminatory measures or disguised restrictions on international trade.

Both sides expressed deep concern over the adversarial policies and related statements taken by certain countries and their allies, urging an end to interference in other countries’ internal affairs, sabotaging existing security frameworks worldwide, artificially drawing lines between countries, and promoting bloc confrontation. China has noted Russia’s concerns arising from the EU’s strengthened defence construction.

Both sides pointed out that promoting NATO’s entry into the Asia-Pacific region and building an “Asia-Pacific version” of NATO based on mechanisms like the AUKUS alliance do not align with the mission of consolidating regional peace and security. Both sides oppose attempts to undermine the ASEAN-centred regional cooperation framework by actively building alliances within the Asia-Pacific region.

Both sides emphasized that currently, Japan is accelerating its “remilitarisation,” seriously threatening regional peace and stability, and the international community and regional countries remain highly vigilant about this. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the Tokyo Trials. During the court investigation, it was found that the scale of war crimes committed by Japanese militarists was enormous, with unimaginable cruelty and horror in their actions against civilians. It urges the Japanese government to learn from this, to recognise all the achievements of World War II based on its own inhumane history of aggression, and to resist “new militarism” and “remilitarisation,” as these have brought great disaster to people worldwide and to Japan itself.

China and Russia highly appreciate the communication and cooperation between the two sides on the Korean Peninsula issue. Both sides advocate maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and promoting a political resolution process for this subregional issue, which serves the common interests of all countries in Northeast Asia and the international community. Both sides oppose using diplomatic isolation, economic sanctions, and military pressure to threaten the security of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, urging the relevant parties to stop escalating regional tensions, stimulating an arms race, and engaging in reckless politicised tactics, and to take effective measures to eliminate the risk of war on the peninsula. Based on geopolitical realities, China and Russia support all parties in balancing their respective concerns through political and diplomatic channels while respecting each other’s sovereignty. China and Russia will continue close communication and cooperation, playing a constructive role in advancing the political resolution process of the peninsula issue, building a peace mechanism on the peninsula, and maintaining long-term stability in Northeast Asia.

Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in jointly maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. Both sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiation and consultation by the directly involved countries and firmly oppose interference by external forces in the South China Sea issue. Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in fully and effectively implementing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the early conclusion of the “Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.”

Both sides believe that the root causes of the Ukraine crisis must be eliminated on the basis of fully, completely, and comprehensively adhering to the principles of the UN Charter, ensuring common security and building a lasting peace framework. To this end, both sides support all efforts conducive to long-term sustainable peace and continue seeking solutions through dialogue and negotiation. Russia positively evaluated China’s objective and impartial stance on the Ukraine situation and welcomed China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means.

Both sides note that terrorism continues to pose a significant threat to the security of Afghanistan, surrounding areas, and even the global community, and call on regional countries and the international community to strengthen bilateral and multilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with Afghanistan, support Afghanistan’s comprehensive policies, and eliminate terrorism as soon as possible, so that Afghan territory is not used to threaten neighbouring countries and regional security.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghanistan affairs at the bilateral and multilateral levels and mechanisms, supporting Afghanistan in achieving long-term stability as soon as possible. Both sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive roles played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s neighbouring countries, the “Moscow Model” consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran quadruple mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in politically resolving the Afghan issue.

Both sides agreed that the US and Israel’s military strikes on Iran violate international law and the basic norms of international relations, seriously undermining stability in the Middle East. They emphasised that the parties involved in the conflict should quickly return to the path of dialogue and negotiation to prevent the spread and spillover of the conflict. They call on the international community to uphold an objective and fair stance, promote the situation toward de-escalation, and jointly defend the basic norms of international relations.

Both sides advocate for a lasting ceasefire in Gaza, believing it helps maintain long-term stability and provides unimpeded humanitarian access to all in need. Both sides confirmed that, based on recognised international law and centred on the “two-state solution,” the Palestinian issue should be comprehensively, justly, and sustainably resolved, establishing an independent, prosperous, and territorially intact Palestinian state.

Both sides agreed that Africa in the 21st century has enormous development potential, and that achieving peace, stability, and true independence is the foundation for African countries’ development and the continent’s modernisation, helping to inject strong momentum into the global development and modernisation process. Both sides call on the international community to take concrete actions to support African countries in implementing the goals of the African Union’s “Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want” and to address African issues in an African way. Both sides oppose the excessive use of coercion and pressure by certain countries in international economic and trade relations to interfere with and undermine normal economic and trade exchanges between African countries and other countries. Both sides are willing to continue strengthening pragmatic cooperation with African countries and major African integration organisations such as the African Union.

Both sides reaffirm their support for the status of the Latin American and Caribbean Peace Zone, support Latin American and Caribbean countries in independently choosing development paths and partnerships, oppose any acts that violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter or infringe upon the sovereignty and security of other countries, and oppose external forces interfering in the internal affairs of Latin American and Caribbean countries under any pretext.

Both sides expressed concern over the militarisation of the United States and its allies in high-latitude regions, reaffirming their commitment to adhering to international law in the Arctic and respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries within the region. Both sides expressed the need to protect the Arctic as a region of peace, stability, and low military-political tension, and to carry out constructive dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation in the region through multilateral mechanisms such as the Arctic Council.

The following is the full text of the statement. It was originally published in Chinese on the website of the Chinese Foreign Ministry and has been machine translated.

Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation and Deepening Good-Neighborly and Friendly Cooperation

May 21 (MFA) – At the invitation of Xi Jinping, President of the People’s Republic of China, Putin, President of the Russian Federation, paid a state visit to the People’s Republic of China from May 19 to 20, 2026. The two heads of state held formal talks in Beijing and jointly attended the opening ceremony of the 2026 －2027 “China-Russia Education Year”. Premier Li Qiang of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China held a meeting with Russian President Vladimir Putin.

The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as “the Parties” declare the following:

I

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the strategic partnership of cooperation for the twenty-first century, in which both sides declared their determination to develop equal trust, and the 25th anniversary of the signing of the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation.

The China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation inherits and promotes the long-standing tradition of China-Russia exchanges, follows the generally recognized principles and norms of international law, and lays a long-term legal foundation for the development of contemporary China-Russia relations. It not only fully demonstrates the long-standing good-neighborly and friendly relations between the two peoples and their willingness to develop everlasting friendship, but also is a concrete manifestation of the common values of peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy and freedom for all mankind.

The basic principles of bilateral cooperation fixed in the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation have stood the test of time and still have important practical significance today. On the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, China and Russia support each other’s right to independently choose social systems and development paths, and support each other in maintaining historical and cultural identity and traditional values. The relationship between the two countries is non-aligned, non-confrontational, and not directed against third countries.

The development model of bilateral relations established in the Sino-Russian Joint Statement of April 25, 1996 and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation of July 16, 2001 has become the cornerstone of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership in the new era. Thanks to the unremitting efforts of both sides, this relationship has reached an all-time high and continues to move forward, showing mature characteristics, having endogenous driving force and being free from any external influence. Its stability and comprehensiveness are fully in line with the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, are in line with the overall national development tasks of China and Russia, and make important contributions to promoting a just multipolar world and democratizing international relations.

The two sides agreed to extend the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation in accordance with Article 25 of the Treaty, and will continue to abide by the principles and spirit of the Treaty and the Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the 20th Anniversary of the Signing of the 〈China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation〉 issued on June 28, 2021, and promote the continued development of bilateral relations to a higher level and higher quality.

II

The two sides will be guided by the diplomacy of heads of state, fully implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, and ensure the efficient and smooth operation of the government, legislative bodies and inter-party exchange mechanisms.

The two sides will continue to consolidate the traditional friendship between the two militaries, enhance mutual trust in the military field, improve cooperation mechanisms, expand joint exercises and training and joint sea and air patrols, strengthen coordination and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, work together to respond to various risks and challenges, and jointly maintain global and regional security and stability.

The two sides will jointly combat the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances, their precursors and weapons, cybercrime, transnational organized crime, economic crime, cross-border corruption and illegal immigration, and strengthen cooperation in law enforcement capacity building.

The two sides will continue to strengthen bilateral cooperation in the field of combating money laundering and terrorist financing through financial intelligence exchanges, and maintain cooperation under the multilateral framework of anti-money laundering. Strengthen young people’s awareness of the risks and prevention of money laundering and its predicate crimes, and safeguard the future security of the two countries.

The two sides are willing to deepen comprehensive exchanges and cooperation in the field of emergency management, strengthen cooperation in disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, and carry out collaboration in the prevention and control of production safety risks.

The two sides emphasized that memorial facilities for martyrs who died in World War II in each other’s territory should be protected, and will continue to cooperate on the protection and management of memorial facilities, jointly promote the search and excavation of the remains of martyrs and missing persons, commemorate and remember heroes and martyrs, and improve the basis of relevant laws and regulations.

The two sides highly appreciated that the economic and trade cooperation between the two countries has maintained high-quality development in recent years and made positive contributions to improving the well-being of the people of the two countries. The two sides will continue to strengthen communication and exchanges on economic and trade policies, consolidate cooperation in key areas, explore new growth points, promote the quality upgrade of trade in goods and services, and firmly defend the right to independently develop bilateral economic and trade partnerships.

The two sides will vigorously develop cooperation in the fields of automobiles, ships, civil aviation industry, etc., improve the level of cooperation, and based on the principle of inclusiveness and taking into account their respective domestic laws and national development priorities, continue to expand cooperation in the fields of digital economy, artificial intelligence and other information and communication technologies, cross-border e-commerce, mining-related minerals, etc., jointly promote the implementation of key cooperation projects, and further unleash the potential of China-Russia cooperation.

The two sides support the implementation of projects in the chemical and metallurgical fields and agree to actively promote cooperation in areas such as joint mineral development and green standards.

The two sides pointed out that the two countries carry out investment cooperation on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, help implement major investment cooperation projects, protect the legitimate rights and interests of investors, and ensure a just investment environment. Investment cooperation between the two sides has shown a positive trend, achieved high-level development and continued to advance. The two sides are willing to continue to promote the quality and efficiency of investment cooperation, support the work of the China-Russia Investment Cooperation Committee, and better play the role of the Committee Secretariat in implementing various consensuses.

The two sides will fulfill their obligations under the “Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on Promoting and Mutual Protection of Investment” signed on May 8, 2025, continue to optimize the business environment, improve the level of investment facilitation and protection, and ensure the security and stability of the industrial chain and supply chain.

The two sides pointed out that the Outline of the China-Russia Investment Cooperation Plan is of great significance. In order to enhance the level of investment cooperation between the two countries, both sides are willing to increase efforts to support investment cooperation in key areas listed in the plan.

The two sides highly appreciated the fruitful results achieved in China-Russia energy cooperation and agreed to continue to consolidate and develop a comprehensive energy cooperation partnership, support enterprises in deepening mutually beneficial cooperation in areas such as oil and gas, coal, civil nuclear energy, renewable energy, including green electricity certificates, ensure the safe and stable operation of cross-border energy infrastructure, promote smooth energy transportation, promote expanded dialogue between energy-producing and energy-consuming countries, and jointly maintain the stability of the global energy market Improve the level of energy security based on the principle of energy justice.

The two sides will continue to advance the construction projects of Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant and Xudabao Nuclear Power Plant to ensure that the construction is completed and put into operation on time. On this basis, we will deepen cooperation in the field of peaceful use of nuclear energy, gradually promote cooperation in the fields of thermonuclear fusion, fast reactors and closed nuclear fuel cycle, and explore cooperation in the front-end of the nuclear fuel cycle and the joint construction of nuclear power projects through a “package” approach based on the principles of mutual benefit, win-win results and balanced interests.

The two sides will continue to develop financial cooperation between the two countries, give full play to the potential of the Financial Cooperation Subcommittee of the China-Russia Prime Ministers’ Regular Meeting Committee, the China-Russia Finance Ministers’ Dialogue and other cooperation mechanisms in relevant fields, maintain the progress made in local currency settlement, steadily promote practical cooperation between China and Russia in the banking field and the capital market, better serve the healthy and stable development of the two countries’ economies and capital markets, and deepen cooperation in tariffs, taxation and other fields.

The two sides will continue to advance the bilateral and multilateral financial cooperation process, strengthen macroeconomic policy communication and coordination, achieve sustainable economic development and effectively respond to global economic challenges.

The two sides are willing to comprehensively strengthen customs cooperation, actively carry out smart customs cooperation, exchanges and mutual learning, continuously improve customs governance capabilities, and continuously optimize regulatory services; deepen “single window” interconnection and cooperation, promote bilateral trade facilitation, and continue to actively cooperate on bilateral information exchange issues.

The two sides are willing to take multiple measures to ensure the smooth flow of China-Russia border ports, actively carry out smart port cooperation, continue to accelerate the modernization of port infrastructure, simultaneously improve the efficiency of two-way customs clearance at ports, and comprehensively enhance the level of port connectivity. Accelerate the construction of the passenger and freight highway port on Heixiazi Island (Greater Ussuri Island).

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation in the field of air transport between the two countries and encourage airlines of both sides to add more passenger and cargo flights according to market demand in accordance with the air rights arrangements of the two countries.

The two sides reiterated that they would, in accordance with the spirit of Article 9 of the Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet Border of May 16, 1991, To continue, together with the DPRK, the tripartite consultations on the issue of the Tumen River going out to sea; in accordance with the spirit of the Protocol of 14 October 2004 between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Navigation of Chinese and Russian Vessels in the Waters around the Heixiazi Island Area (Tarabarov Island and Bolishoy Ussuriysky Island Area), Intensify the bilateral negotiations on the draft agreement on navigation in the waters concerned.

The two sides are willing to strengthen the construction of cross-border transportation infrastructure between China and Russia and improve the efficiency of cross-border passenger and freight transportation. Continue to organize cross-border cargo transportation using driverless technology. The two sides emphasized the important role of cooperation in the field of transportation and exchanged experiences on legal regulations on the use of unmanned technology in air, land and autonomous navigation of ships.

The two sides will ensure the barrier-free operation of the China-Russia cross-border corridor, strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation on China-Europe freight trains, maintain stable freight rates, and continue to support China-Europe transit through Russia to carry out rail, road and sea cargo transportation. Continue to promote practical cooperation in the field of construction and utilization aimed at increasing cargo volume in Arctic shipping lanes and their overall development.

The two sides are willing to expand rail freight volume between China and Russia through imports and exports, as well as transit through third countries. The two sides will simultaneously strengthen the construction of railway border station infrastructure and rear channels, build a railway logistics channel with smooth, stable, sustainable and healthy development, and jointly ensure the safety and efficiency of freight transportation.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the construction of cross-border toll road bridges, such as the Heihe－Blagoveshchensk road bridge. The two sides are willing to continue developing the “European － Western China” International Transport Corridor and promote the interconnection of roads between Russia, China and Kazakhstan.

The two sides highly appreciate the prospects for further deepening the coordinated cooperation of the tripartite mechanism with the participation of Mongolia and the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, and will actively promote the implementation and cooperation of key co-construction projects under the framework of the corridor. The two sides agreed to provide assistance to Mongolia in joining the regional integration process, including the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the fields of agriculture and forestry, further strengthen investment cooperation in the agricultural field, and accelerate the cooperation in establishing the China-Russia Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Demonstration Zone in Russia’s Far East as a pilot project for the implementation and effectiveness of Russia’s international leapfrog development zone policies.

Deepening cooperation in the agricultural sector is in line with the economic interests of China and Russia and will help improve food security in both countries. On the premise of ensuring safety and on the basis of risk assessment, the two sides will jointly work to comprehensively expand the categories and quantities of meat products provided to China from Russia’s epidemic-free areas, including cattle and pig by-products, work together to promote the resumption of exports of products from Russian poultry companies that meet the requirements to China, and deepen the two-way trade in pet food between China and Russia. The two sides look forward to China providing Russia with a richer variety of animal and plant products, working together to promote the export of products from Chinese poultry companies that meet the requirements to Russia, and further expanding the number of registered Chinese aquatic product companies exporting to Russia.

The two sides will further strengthen cooperation in the protection of wild animals such as Siberian tigers, Siberian leopards, giant pandas, golden monkeys, and migratory birds, and enhance exchanges of experience in the management of nature reserves.

The two sides agreed to continue implementing major national space program projects that are in the common interests of China and Russia, actively promote cooperation in key areas of space, including the International Lunar Research Station and lunar and deep space exploration, and comprehensively enhance the level and intensity of cooperation.

The two sides decided to continue to deepen mutually beneficial exchanges in the field of satellite navigation, actively promote the implementation of the “2026-2030 China-Russia Satellite Navigation Cooperation Roadmap”, ensure the complementarity of the Beidou Satellite Navigation System and the GLONASS Global Satellite Navigation System, and benefit users around the world.

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation between China and Russia in the fields of radio frequency coordination and use, and satellite frequency rail resource coordination and use, and continuously deepen the exchange of experience and cooperation between China and Russia in the fields of satellite Internet and Internet of Things.

The two sides agreed to explore the establishment of a software cooperation mechanism to jointly empower the construction of digital infrastructure. Deepen cooperation and exchanges in the field of open source, promote the industrialization and implementation of high-quality open source achievements in key industries, and achieve common development in the open source field between the two countries.

The two sides agreed to strengthen close cooperation in the fields of environmental protection and water resources. Continue to deepen cooperation in the fields of transboundary water hydrological reporting and flood control to ensure flood control safety in the border areas of the two countries. Continue to deepen practical cooperation on water quality protection of transboundary water bodies, maintain cooperation on emergency liaison and response to sudden ecological and environmental incidents, promote the construction of a transboundary nature reserve network, protect biodiversity, strengthen cooperation in the field of waste management, and continue to promote nature protection cooperation under the framework of the G20, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Northeast Asia Subregional Environmental Protection Cooperation Program.

The two sides agreed on the important role of standardization cooperation in promoting technological progress and trade facilitation between the two countries, and will further deepen standardization cooperation in key areas, including promoting mutual recognition of standards in areas such as automobiles, children’s products, and organic products, and establishing a long-term information exchange and cooperation mechanism in the field of conformity assessment.

The two sides agreed to continue to deepen intellectual property exchanges and cooperation, provide better services to applicants and rights holders in the two countries, and jointly create a good business and legal environment. Promote the exchange of experiences and sharing of practices in intellectual property protection in the context of the development of digital economy and artificial intelligence technologies.

The two sides stressed the importance of strengthening cooperation between China and Russia in the field of antitrust policy. Under the practical cooperation mechanism in the field of law enforcement, the two sides effectively expose and stop violations of antitrust laws with cross-border characteristics. The two sides are willing to promote the implementation of the intergovernmental agreement between the two countries on fair competition and antitrust to protect the interests of the two peoples.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the field of consumer rights protection and jointly take measures to ensure its due level, including cross-border procurement services, e-commerce and tourism services.

The two sides believe that measurement is an important basis for ensuring international trade exchanges. Through the annual China-Russia Metrology Cooperation Working Group meetings, the two sides have achieved practical cooperation results in metrology fields such as energy and medical health. The two sides are willing to continue exchanges of experience and mutual visits of technical and professional talents in the field of metrology, and agree to continue joint comparison of national measurement unit benchmarks in areas of common concern to both sides. The two sides are willing to continue to deepen exchanges and cooperation in the field of metrology.

The two sides are willing to promote the deepening of cooperation in the field of housing and urban-rural development, carry out joint research on cold regions “good houses”, and strengthen mutual learning and mutual improvement in related directions in professional fields such as “urban infrastructure lifeline safety projects”, urban renewal, and the application of digital and artificial intelligence technologies in the construction industry.

The two sides attach great importance to and welcome the positive development of cooperation in the fields of economy, trade, investment and culture in Northeast China and the Russian Far East, as well as in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China and the Volga Federal District in Russia, and support the strengthening of exchanges and expansion of cooperation between local and border areas of the two countries. China welcomes Russia’s policy promotion on the international leapfrog development zone.

The two sides agreed to deepen practical cooperation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union under the framework of the Economic and Trade Cooperation Agreement between China and the Eurasian Economic Union, and continue to promote the docking of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Eurasian Economic Union Development Plan in the fields of transportation, logistics, transportation, digitalization, e-commerce, policy coordination and elimination of trade barriers, food and agricultural product trade, etc. The two sides believe that the dialogue mechanism is crucial to promoting trade cooperation, is conducive to deepening economic integration and connectivity between the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions, and promotes the common development of the joint construction “Belt and Road” initiative and the building “Greater Europe-Asia Partnership”. The two sides are willing to further upgrade and expand the institutional arrangements for economic and trade cooperation between China, the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states, and improve the level of trade liberalization and facilitation.

III

The two sides adhere to the diversity of culture and civilization, support each other in protecting cultural and historical identity and traditional moral values, firmly safeguard cultural sovereignty, do not impose their own values and models on others, and do not engage in ideological confrontation.

The two sides believe that UNESCO’s role as a universal platform for intergovernmental people-to-people exchanges should be further strengthened, promoting mutually respectful professional dialogue, promoting efficient communication among member states and enhancing solidarity.

The two sides agreed that people-to-people cooperation is an important public opinion foundation and spiritual bond in China-Russia bilateral relations. Through educational exchanges, cultural integration and youth interaction, it will deepen the public identity of both sides and build a solid social foundation for political mutual trust and economic and trade cooperation.

The two sides fully affirmed the results of cooperation in the field of education and agreed to further promote the establishment of partnerships between Chinese and Russian educational institutions, jointly organize activities, and promote the exchange of experiences and good practices between educators from the two countries.

The two sides will hold the “China-Russia Education Year” with high quality to promote practical cooperation in various fields and deepen cultural exchanges. Further promote the establishment of cooperative partnerships between Chinese and Russian universities and research institutions, and promote the exchange of experiences and practices in the education field between the two countries. Continue to expand the scale of two-way study abroad and strengthen the joint training of high-level talents in universities of the two countries. Continue to build the China-Russia Institute of Basic Sciences and support universities on both sides to jointly build the China-Russia Innovation Institute. Support the construction of the China-Russia Alliance of Similar Universities, the China-Russia Alliance of Middle Schools, and the China-Russia Vocational Education Alliance. Continue to promote the teaching of the other country’s language in the country, promote exchanges between Chinese and Russian students, carry out activities such as the Chinese-Russian Summer School for Students and exchanges in basic subject areas between Chinese and Russian primary and secondary school students, enhance understanding and mutual trust among young students, strengthen communication and cooperation in the field of education within a multilateral framework, and jointly strengthen international influence in the field of education.

The two sides believe that deepening cooperation in scientific and technological innovation is of great strategic significance for the two countries to enhance their development momentum and enhance their international competitiveness. The two sides will further consolidate the foundation of cooperation in basic and applied sciences and cutting-edge technology fields, and promote high-level cooperative research. Regular selection of joint scientific research projects is carried out and the funding mechanism is continuously improved. Actively improve the level of mutual opening of large scientific facilities and carry out collaborative research. Continue to strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and exchanges and joint training of young scientists. Deepen scientific and technological cooperation within multilateral frameworks such as the BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the G20, and jointly enhance and tap the potential of scientific and technological innovation to promote the economic and social development of the two countries.

The two sides highly appreciate the fruitful results achieved by the two countries in the fields of cultural performances, museums, libraries, radio and television, art education, etc. within the framework of 2024 －2025 “China-Russia Cultural Year”, and continue to expand the coverage of cooperation. Support the holding of the 14th China “Russian Cultural Festival” and 17th Russia “Chinese Cultural Festival”, the 4th China-Russia Library Forum, and the 16th China-Russia Cultural Fair, to be held in Moscow and other Russian cities “Happy Spring Festival”, and in Beijing and other Chinese cities “Winter Festival”. Give full play to the platform role of the two countries in establishing cultural centers in each other’s countries, and carry out practical cooperation in the fields of exhibitions and performances, language teaching, cultural and tourism promotion, youth and local exchanges, etc.

The two sides agreed to further deepen China-Russia film exchanges and cooperation. Under the framework of the Film Cooperation Sub-Committee of the China-Russia Cultural Cooperation Committee, support will be provided for the annual mutual hosting of film festivals, making full use of platforms such as the China Shanghai International Film Festival, Beijing International Film Festival, Silk Road International Film Festival and Russia Moscow International Film Festival, “Letter to Humanity”, and “Soul of Fire” International Film Festival to strengthen film and personnel exchanges. The two sides will work to expand the scale of joint film production, promote the establishment and deepening of contacts between film institutions and personnel of the two countries, and continue to implement the “Action Plan on Cooperation in Film Production between the State Film Administration of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation before 2030” jointly approved by the State Film Administration of China and the Ministry of Culture of Russia.

The two sides fully affirmed the results of cooperation between the two countries in the field of health and expressed satisfaction with the China-Russia special drill on disaster medicine tactics and the international seminar on disaster medicine held in 2026. The two sides will continue to promote cooperation in health fields such as disaster medicine, biosafety, infectious disease prevention and control and cross-border transmission, medical education, Sino-Russian Medical University Alliance, medical science and innovation; oncology and nuclear medicine, ophthalmology, psychiatry, maternal and child health, digital health, traditional medicine, and drug and medical device safety.

The two sides will continue to strengthen close cooperation on international platforms in the field of health, jointly safeguard global public health security, and enhance the health and well-being of the people of the two countries. The two sides agreed to expand cooperation in the fields of biosafety, infectious disease prevention and control, and cross-border transmission through disease control departments.

The two sides highly appreciate the positive results of exchanges between the two countries in the field of sports and look forward to further strengthening sports exchanges and cooperation.

Both sides affirmed the positive results of the 4th China-Russia Winter Youth Games and the 10th China-Russia Summer Youth Games held in Russia. The two sides agreed to continue the tradition of alternating winter and summer youth games in China and Russia, and determined that the 5th China-Russia Winter Youth Games and the 11th China-Russia Summer Youth Games will be held in China.

The two sides pointed out that it is necessary to further develop exchanges between the two countries on traditional national sports that are of greatest concern, strengthen regional sports cooperation, agree to use Chinese and Russian sports venues to carry out joint training and sports competitions including winter sports, emphasize the need to further expand cooperation in physical education and scientific research, positively evaluate the role of the China-Russia Sports College Alliance, and support sports education institutions of the two countries to organize forums and The format of conferences and online courses creates connections.

The two sides plan to cooperate in the field of anti-doping. The two sides advocate further promoting equal international sports cooperation and promoting the Olympic spirit and concepts. The two sides agreed to continue to coordinate their positions on cooperation in the field of sports within the framework of multilateral organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, UNESCO, and the Asian Cooperation Dialogue.

The two sides affirmed the effectiveness of the visa-free policy and its positive role in promoting economic, trade and cultural exchanges, and agreed to further simplify visa procedures and continuously improve the level of facilitation of personnel exchanges between the two countries.

The two sides agreed to further deepen cooperation in the field of youth policy and carry out cooperation projects in the fields of patriotism and ideological and moral education for children and young people, youth entrepreneurship, volunteer services, creative industries, new media, etc. Expand practical exchanges between local youth affairs departments and non-profit organizations, and jointly lead the youth agenda and advocate youth action in multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the BRICS.

The two sides are willing to coordinate information security work for large-scale international events, promote reporting on the development of political, economic, social, cultural and bilateral relations between the two countries, jointly respond to unfriendly behaviors of third parties that have a negative impact on media cooperation between the two countries, resist interference in internal affairs in the information field and the dissemination of false information that undermines cooperation between the two countries, and expand information dissemination channels between the two sides.

The two sides will deepen media exchanges and cooperation, jointly host the China-Russia Media Forum, promote mutual visits between mainstream media, strengthen joint talent training, provide convenience for media professionals from the two countries to work in each other’s countries, and carry out experience exchanges in the field of digital diplomacy. Expand the practical application of new technologies in the media field and deepen practical cooperation between local media in the two countries.

The two sides support exchanges and cooperation in areas such as joint production of China-Russia online media, co-creation of online celebrity content, training of online and new media talents, and holding large-scale online media forums.

The two sides will deepen cooperation in the field of publishing, actively carry out cooperation projects such as the mutual translation and distribution of classic and modern works between the two countries, continue to participate in book fairs held in China and Russia, support each other in hosting guest country activities, and strengthen experience exchange and practice sharing in copyright protection and application.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the field of archives between the two countries, exchange experience in archival work management, exchange archival copies of interest to both sides, jointly compile and publish a compilation of archival documents, and jointly hold historical archive exhibitions.

The two sides emphasized the importance of people-to-people diplomacy in China-Russia cooperation in multiple fields, and positively evaluated the role of the China-Russia Friendship, Peace and Development Committee and the friendship associations of the two countries in strengthening social ties between the two countries and enhancing mutual understanding between the two peoples.

IV

The two sides pointed out that the world today is full of changes and chaos, geopolitical games are intensifying, and local conflicts and turmoil are frequent. The global peace deficit, development deficit, security deficit and governance deficit continue to increase, and the management of international relations is lacking. The two sides reiterated their firm opposition to hegemony and unilateralism, to the world’s retreat into power politics, and to firmly safeguarding the authority of the United Nations and its central role in international affairs. The two sides firmly oppose the implementation of unilateral sanctions and secondary sanctions in trade, the discriminatory use of tariffs and other restrictive measures, and call on all parties to effectively maintain the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core and maintain the stability and smooth operation of the global industrial chain and supply chain.

The two sides pointed out that some countries are pursuing hegemony and clinging to neo-colonial thinking. Their aggressive policies have led to more intense international competition and continued to increase tensions in global affairs. These countries attempt to infringe upon the sovereignty of other countries, curb the economic and scientific and technological development of other countries, and set up obstacles to obstructing the construction of a multipolar world.

The Parties condemn unilateral coercive, punitive and discriminatory protectionist measures taken by any State, group and alliance of States that run counter to the principles of international law, sovereign equality and non-interference in internal affairs. The two sides called for the lifting of illegal unilateral coercive measures that undermine international law and the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and reiterated that both sides do not implement or support any sanctions that are not approved by the UN Security Council and are inconsistent with international law.

Both sides noted that, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of States established in the Charter of the United Nations, States must strictly abide by their international obligations regarding the immunity of States and their property (including sovereign reserves). The Parties strongly condemn any illegal practice of freezing, seizing, misappropriating or otherwise appropriating the national property and assets of other States and emphasize the right of the injured State to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.

The two sides stressed that China’s concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives are of great positive significance. The two sides will work closely together on issues related to maintaining international peace, stability and security, and will fully support and promote each other’s initiatives on international occasions.

The two sides stressed that the global security initiative proposed by China is of great significance to reforming and improving global security governance. It advocates that all countries fully, fully and completely abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, uphold respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, and oppose acts that infringe upon the fundamental interests of other countries, especially in the field of security. On the basis of equal and indivisible security, resolve differences and eliminate the root causes of conflict through dialogue and consultation in a peaceful manner, and improve global governance and international relations management.

The two sides firmly condemn all external coercion by force aimed at undermining the unity and equal cooperation of the Eurasian continent. China highly appreciates the Russian initiative to build an equal and indivisible “Eurasian security architecture”, which aims to achieve long-term stability in the region and create a development environment for regional countries free from external interference threats. The two sides called on all countries to adhere to the principle of equal and indivisible global and regional security and build common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security.

The two sides are willing to explore cooperation around the Global Security Initiative and the Eurasian Security Architecture Initiative, promote the exchange and docking of security concepts, strengthen strategic cooperation in the security field, jointly benefit the people of the region, and contribute to maintaining world peace and tranquility.

Russia attaches great importance to the Global Civilization Initiative and is willing to work with China to hold relevant commemorative activities in conjunction with the resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly “International Day of Dialogue among Civilizations” to jointly promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and foster mutual understanding among peoples.

The two sides will continue to firmly defend the correct view of World War II history, firmly safeguard the victory of World War II enshrined in the UN Charter, the Charter and Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for Nuremberg and the Far East, and firmly oppose any attempt to deny, distort and falsify the history of World War II.

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation to combat the glorification of Nazi, fascist and militaristic practices, as well as attempts to resurrect the above-mentioned non-constructive ideologies and deny the facts of genocide. The two sides pointed out the importance of carrying out correct historical education, protecting memorial facilities for the people of the two countries and the martyrs who died fighting side by side during World War II, and opposing the desecration and damage of the above-mentioned memorial facilities. The two sides firmly condemn actions that excuse complicity, collusion and the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity with Nazis, fascists and militarists.

Both sides stressed that the authority of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 cannot be questioned or challenged.

The Russian side reiterated its adherence to the one-China principle and recognized that there is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory, and the government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legitimate government representing all of China. We firmly oppose any form of “Taiwan independence”, emphasize that interfering in the Taiwan issue, which is purely China’s internal affairs, is to undermine peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait, and firmly support the measures taken by the Chinese government to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification.

China firmly supports Russia in safeguarding national security, stability, development and prosperity, firmly supports Russia in safeguarding its sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external forces interfering in Russia’s internal affairs.

The two sides pointed out that brazenly launching military strikes against other countries, in the name of negotiation, killing the leaders of sovereign states, shaking their domestic political environment, inciting regime change, and forcibly trying a head of state seriously violates the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and seriously violates international law and basic norms governing international relations It seriously undermines the foundation of the international order formed after World War II and the civilized foundation of exchanges between countries. The two sides firmly oppose and strongly condemn this and point out that the main reason for the current instability in Asia and Europe is external destructive interference.

The two sides reiterated that they will further strengthen cooperation and coordinate their positions through bilateral channels and using international and regional multilateral platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and resolutely resist the spread of any extreme ideas that give rise to terrorism and extremism in today’s world Jointly combat “the three forces”, especially terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of China and Russia, jointly prevent and respond to terrorists using emerging technologies to plan and carry out terrorist activities, and jointly curb the support and use of terrorist groups to achieve political goals.

The two sides reiterated their support for the international arms control system with the United Nations at its core, and supported the role of multilateral arms control mechanisms such as the Disarmament and International Security Committee of the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The two sides will continue consultations and exchanges at all levels on arms control and non-proliferation issues.

The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining and strengthening global strategic balance and stability, and the evaluations and positions in the “Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Global Strategic Stability” signed on May 8, 2025 remain relevant. The two sides affirmed the positive role of the Russia-US New START Treaty in avoiding an arms race, reducing strategic risks, and maintaining strategic stability. They expressed regret that the United States’ irresponsible attitude after the treaty expired prevented the treaty from being retained in the form of voluntary self-restriction. They called on the United States to create the necessary conditions in a responsible manner to promote coordinated measures for strategic stability. China appreciates Russia’s initiative that Russia and the United States should continue to abide by the core limits of the New START Treaty of April 8, 2010, which reflects Russia’s commitment to predictability, restraint and balance in this area. Russia respects China’s position on the “China-US-Russia trilateral nuclear arms control negotiations”.

The two sides oppose all kinds of provocative acts and hostile acts by individual nuclear-weapon states against other nuclear-weapon states, which undermine their fundamental interests in the security field and lead to increased strategic risks. The superstitious belief of certain nuclear-weapon States in the primacy of strength and their pursuit of absolute security military superiority, as well as their forward deployment of military strategic infrastructure and other strategic offensive and strategic defensive weapons close to those of other nuclear-weapon States, have led to the uncontrolled expansion of military alliances and increased tensions among nuclear-weapon States, in violation of the principle of equality and indivisibility. Calls on other countries that signed the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Averting an Arms Race issued on January 3, 2022 to strictly and fully comply with its provisions.

The two sides noted that the plans and actions of certain nuclear-weapon states and their allies to deploy land-based medium- and short-range missiles outside their borders pose a threat to other nuclear-weapon states. It is a matter of concern that the relevant missiles have short flight times and are suitable for high-precision large-scale strikes against important critical facilities and targets located in the territory of other nuclear-weapon States. At the same time, the nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States within certain military alliances and blocs implement strategies such as “active suppression of launches”, “deep precision strikes”, “kill chain” and “counterattack capabilities”, carry out pre-emptive and preventive missile strikes, decapitate and disarm the enemy, and similar actions are serious destabilizing factors and pose a strategic threat to the targeted countries. The two sides strongly condemned this provocative act that undermines regional stability and global security and will work together to respond.

Both sides believe that the US “Golden Dome” plan aims to build a global, multi-level, multi-domain missile defense system without any constraints, and to resist the threat of all missiles, including any “even-handed” adversary, from pre-launch preparation to all stages of flight, causing significant damage to strategic stability. The plan completely rejects the indivisibility of the interconnection between strategic offensive weapons and strategic defensive weapons, a core principle for maintaining strategic stability, significantly increases the risk of conflicts in outer space, weaponizes outer space and makes it a site of armed confrontation The situation has been exacerbated by violations of the objectives and purposes of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the “Outer Space Treaty”) on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space.

The two sides are committed to firmly upholding outer space law, which is based on the Outer Space Treaty, and to strengthening international cooperation in outer space on the basis of equality and non-discrimination. The two sides oppose unilateralist positions on outer space activities, and oppose the use of civilian and commercial spacecraft to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries and illegally intervene in armed conflicts in other countries.

The two sides oppose the placement of any weapons in outer space, the use or threat of use of force against outer space objects, or the use of force against outer space objects, the attempts of individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation, and the development of policies aimed at seeking military hegemony and defining outer space as a “combat territory”. Therefore, both sides pointed out that the US “Golden Dome” missile defense system, which studies and implements space-based interception, has a serious negative impact on international security. The two sides stressed that the plan greatly increases the risk of armed conflict in outer space, promotes the placement of weapons in outer space and spreads armed conflict into outer space, promotes the use or threat of use of force against outer space objects, or uses outer space objects to use force, and deviates from the purpose and goals of the peaceful uses of outer space stipulated in the Outer Space Treaty.

The two sides reiterated the need to launch international negotiations on legally binding multilateral instruments as soon as possible on the basis of the draft Sino-Russian Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects and the consensus report adopted by the United Nations Group of Governmental Experts in 2024 established in accordance with Resolution 250 of the 77th UN General Assembly, and to provide fundamental and reliable guarantees for the prevention of an arms race in outer space. The two sides agree to promote international initiatives/political commitments on a global scale not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space, thereby strengthening international security, ensuring equal and indivisible security for all countries, and improving the predictability and sustainability of countries’ exploration and peaceful use of outer space.

The two sides firmly uphold the international nuclear non-proliferation system with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as its cornerstone. The two sides firmly oppose any violation of treaty obligations by nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon states.

Both sides are highly concerned about Japan’s long-term and large-scale stockpiling of sensitive nuclear materials with no credible civilian use, and are wary of the unacceptable ambitions and extreme provocative actions of the country’s right-wing forces, namely, promoting revisions “the three non-nuclear principles”, including shifting to more destructive ones that contain potential factors with allies “nuclear sharing” and are jointly achieved with allies “extended deterrence”, and even attempting to independently acquire nuclear weapons The Government of Japan is urged to comply effectively with its obligations under international law, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

The two sides expressed concern about the statements issued by some nominally non-nuclear European countries with pro-nuclear tendencies, and called on the International Atomic Energy Agency to pay close attention and ensure due supervision of the nuclear materials and behavior of such countries.

The two sides firmly call on the relevant nuclear-weapon states and their non-nuclear allies to abolish their stability-destroying arrangements such as inter-state “nuclear sharing” and “extended deterrence” as soon as possible, take necessary measures in national and collective security policies, and not replicate new “nuclear sharing” and “extended deterrence” arrangements within their military alliances.

The Parties reaffirm that the BTWC should be fully adhered to and continuously strengthened, including through the mechanization of the Convention, and through the conclusion of a legally binding protocol containing an effective verification mechanism. None of the countries should engage in any biological military activities that threaten the security of other countries and the relevant regions within or outside their borders.

The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to a world free of chemical weapons and called on the States parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention to take all necessary measures to achieve the above-mentioned goals, while promoting the return of the work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to a non-politicized technical track. The two sides urged Japan to faithfully fulfill its obligations and fully and completely destroy chemical weapons abandoned in China at an early date. China supports Russia’s candidacy for membership in the OPCW’s ruling council.

The two sides reaffirmed their compliance with their export control obligations under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and opposed individual countries using relevant mechanisms for technical and economic containment of other countries and imposing illegal unilateral restrictive measures for their own selfish interests.

The two sides are committed to promoting the implementation of UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/79/80 “Promoting International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of International Security” adopted in December 2024.

The two sides will deepen high-level strategic cooperation in the field of information security, further strengthen practical cooperation in emergency response in this field, and exchange experiences in the field of Internet policies and regulations. Both sides expressed concern about threats in the field of global information security. The two sides emphasized that the United Nations plays a key role in responding to threats in information space, supports information security dialogue and cooperation under the framework of the United Nations Permanent Mechanism for Global Cybersecurity, upholds the “Rules for Responsible State Conduct in Information Space”, formulates universally accepted and common international rules on new issues such as international information security, data security, and supply chain stability, and maintains openness, security, stability, An accessible, peaceful and interoperable ICT environment that respects and supports the principle of cyber sovereignty.

China and Russia note that artificial intelligence technology is one of the main factors that has a significant impact on the speed and quality of economic and social change. They are willing to promote the development of artificial intelligence for good and for all, and oppose some countries using artificial intelligence as a geopolitical tool to maintain their hegemonic position. The two sides support strengthening international cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence, releasing the dividends of intelligent development, and addressing potential risks and challenges related to artificial intelligence. Russia welcomes China’s initiative to establish the World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization. The two sides reaffirmed further cooperation on the military application of artificial intelligence technology within the bilateral and multilateral framework, including the Group of Governmental Experts of the Member States of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons “Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems”.

The two sides are willing to use the platform of international organizations to coordinate their positions on issues in the field of artificial intelligence science.

The two sides attach great importance to protecting the security and legitimate rights and interests of citizens, institutions and projects of the two countries in each other’s countries, and will strengthen the exchange of information on overseas and regional security through mechanisms such as overseas citizen security consultations. Provide support and assistance to other countries in carrying out emergency protection and transfer and evacuation of overseas citizens in the event of instability, armed conflict, natural disasters and other life-threatening and health-threatening incidents in third-party countries and regions.

V

The two sides reaffirmed the significance of the Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Strengthening Cooperation to Uphold the Authority of International Law signed on May 8, 2025, and firmly uphold the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law, and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter Strengthen strategic communication and collaboration within the framework of the United Nations, safeguard common interests and international fairness and justice, and oppose any attempt to tamper with the results of World War II. Russia supports China’s global governance initiative. The two sides are willing to coordinate actions on major issues of global governance and jointly promote the construction of a more just and reasonable global governance system.

The two sides stressed that the UN Security Council bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security, reiterated the need to abide by the principles and provisions of the UN Charter prohibiting the use or threat of use of force, and accordingly condemned unilateral military intervention that is not based on the right to individual or collective self-defense or is not authorized by the Security Council. Oppose and condemn any unilateral coercive measures that violate international law and are not authorized by the Security Council. The two sides attach great importance to the work of the “Group of Friends for the Defence of the Charter of the United Nations” and will continue to actively participate in it.

Russia supports the global development initiative proposed by China and will continue to participate in the work of the “Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative”. The two sides will continue to encourage the international community to focus on development issues, increase development investment, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The two sides firmly support the multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core and based on rules, and jointly oppose unilateral sanctions and trade protectionist measures. The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen the cooperation and dialogue mechanism within the framework of the WTO and coordinate their positions on global trade development issues, including through the BRICS Consultative Informal Mechanism.

China and Russia will promote the implementation of the decisions made at the relevant outcomes of the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference (MC14), promote consultations on outstanding MC14 issues, and facilitate the adoption of a package of reform measures such as the “Yaoundé Outcome Package”. The two sides will firmly uphold basic WTO principles such as most-favored-nation treatment, oppose unilateralism and trade protectionist measures, promote WTO rules to keep pace with the times, better respond to the development needs of the times, and promote the WTO to play a greater role in global economic governance.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation within the framework of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the New Development Bank, and continue to promote financial channel collaboration among the G20, BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and APEC.

Both sides noted that multilateral development banks play an important role in the global economy as independent financial institutions aimed at promoting sustainable development in member states, and stressed that they should ensure their non-politicization, equal and non-discriminatory access to resources by shareholders, including construction projects in all member states. At the same time, we ensure the sound operation of multilateral development banks and safeguard the common interests of all member states.

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China and Russia attach great importance to cooperation within the framework of the SCO. Together with all member States, the two sides will continue to work to promote the SCO’s strategic role in building a just and multipolar world based on recognized international law, cultural and civilizational diversity, reciprocal and equal cooperation among countries, and the United Nations. The two sides will promote the deepening of cooperation within the SCO framework, making it the basis for establishing a secure, indivisible and sustainable development space in Asia and Europe.

In this context, the two sides are willing to actively and steadily advance the implementation of the SCO’s development strategy for the next 10 years and promote the comprehensive improvement of the SCO, including amending the legal basis of the organizational treaty and preparing a protocol on amending and supplementing the SCO Charter. The SCO Comprehensive Center for Addressing Security Threats and Challenges, its branches and the Anti-Drug Center will establish rules and regulations and start work. The two sides are paying close attention to strengthening cooperation in the fields of culture, economy and trade, and establishing a supporting mechanism for project funds. The two sides will continue consultations on the establishment of the SCO Development Bank.

China and Russia stressed that the principle of openness is the cornerstone of the SCO and support the continuous acceptance of countries that recognize the purposes, tasks and basic principles of the SCO Charter, and that recognize mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations and the pursuit of common development “Shanghai Spirit” into the SCO. Reiterates its willingness to cooperate with all relevant countries and international organizations, including within the framework of “SCO+”.

The two sides are willing to cooperate with the defense departments, security conferences, drug control agencies and other relevant departments of other SCO member states. The two sides reiterated their willingness to improve cross-border infrastructure and electronic trade, carry out cooperation in scientific and technological innovation, service trade, digital trade, energy, digital economy, sustainable development industries, higher education, vocational and technical education and other fields, strengthen multilateral cooperation under the SCO framework in developing innovative industries to increase the GDP of member states, ensure employment for young people, strengthen economic and cultural cooperation, and support the SCO in maintaining the multilateral trading system, Play a greater role in ensuring the security and stability of the global production and supply chain and promoting changes in the global economic governance system.

The two sides welcome further practical cooperation within the tripartite framework of the SCO, the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the CIS to strengthen cross-border challenge and security threat response capabilities.

The two sides pointed out that the CIS plays an important role in ensuring the stability of the Eurasian region and the comprehensive development of multipolar cooperation. We support the SCO taking the opportunity of being granted observer status in the CIS on October 10, 2025 to deepen its ties with the CIS.

Russia fully supports China’s successful hosting of the 2026 APEC meeting. China welcomes and supports Russia’s bid to host the 2035 APEC meeting. The two sides will further strengthen communication and coordination under the APEC framework, comprehensively promote APEC “China Year” cooperation, jointly build an Asia-Pacific community and promote common prosperity. Jointly promote the construction of an open world economy, help achieve sustainable and inclusive economic growth, promote the joint development of the Belt and Road Initiative “Belt and Road Initiative” and the construction of the Greater Europe-Asia Partnership “Greater Europe-Asia Partnership”, advance the economic integration process of the Asia-Pacific region, promote the construction of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area, and promote the construction of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area based on their respective development levels and legal systems. Promote connectivity, digital economy, information and communication technology including artificial intelligence, transportation, Practical cooperation in areas such as energy, inclusive and sustainable economic development.

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen dialogue and cooperation within the BRICS framework and promote high-quality development of “Greater BRICS Cooperation”. The two sides are willing to support India’s presidency of the BRICS in 2026, unite the three main directions of BRICS countries: political security, economic and trade finance (based on the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy), and people-to-people exchanges, and strengthen the strategic partnership. The two sides are willing to work with other BRICS member states and partner countries to implement the consensus reached at previous BRICS leaders’ meetings, enhance the organization’s international influence, and promote close ties between BRICS countries and developing countries by attracting more partner countries to participate in the “BRICS+” and BRICS Peripheral Dialogue Practical Cooperation Mechanism. Russia supports China’s presidency of the BRICS in 2027 and preparations for the summit, and is willing to provide necessary assistance. We are happy to strengthen cooperation in areas such as maintaining the multilateral trading system and promoting WTO reform, sustainable development, rebuilding supply chains, carrying out cooperation in special economic zones, promoting the digital economy, supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and green transformation. China welcomes Russia’s initiative to establish a grain (commodity) trading platform under the BRICS framework.

The two sides highly appreciated the constructive cooperation between China and Russia within the framework of the G20, and reiterated their willingness to continue to strengthen coordination and cooperation within the G20, a major forum for international economic cooperation, unite the countries of the Global South, promote the establishment of an equal and orderly multipolar world and inclusive and non-discriminatory economic globalization, and make the world market, supply chain and related mechanisms more equal and open.

The two sides will jointly respond to global economic and financial challenges based on the basic principles of depoliticization of the G20, adherence to economic powers, membership and consensus, taking into account the different development paths of each country and the right to choose a development model based on its own characteristics, and promote the development of the international order in a more just direction. The two sides pledged to continue promoting reforms in international economic and financial governance and assist in enhancing the representation and voice of developing countries.

The two sides reaffirmed that the immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is an important guarantee for the stable operation of international relations. Any violation of the rules of international law on the immunity of State officials is incompatible with the principle of the sovereign equality of States. Both sides stressed that senior State officials, such as heads of State and Government and ministers for foreign affairs, enjoy absolute immunity ratione personae, and that State officials representing the State or exercising State functions enjoy immunity ratione materiae when acting in an official capacity. It is unacceptable to take illegal actions such as arrest and trial against foreign state officials who enjoy immunity, such as heads of state, in violation of recognized rules of international law.

The two sides are willing to continue to work together to promote constructive dialogue and cooperation among all parties in the multilateral human rights field, advocate common values for all mankind, oppose the politicization of human rights, double standards and the use of human rights issues to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, and jointly promote the healthy development of all aspects of the international human rights agenda.

The two sides appreciate each other’s efforts to promote international cooperation in anti-corruption under multilateral frameworks such as the United Nations, the G20, the BRICS, and APEC, and are willing to continue to firmly support the United Nations Convention against Corruption in playing a leading role in global anti-corruption governance and promote the construction of a more just and reasonable global anti-corruption governance system. Russia is willing to actively support China in hosting relevant activities of the APEC Anti-Corruption Working Group in 2026. The two sides welcomed the “Beijing Consensus on Strengthening Law Enforcement Cooperation and Rejecting Corruption as a Safe Haven” and called on the international community to strengthen cooperation in the recovery and return of corrupt assets with a “zero tolerance” attitude towards corruption and reject it as a corruption safe haven.

Both sides welcomed the adoption by the UN General Assembly of the UN Convention against Cybercrime. As the first signatories of the Convention, the two sides are willing to promote the entry into force and effective implementation of the Convention as soon as possible, and actively participate in the formulation of an additional protocol to the Convention, expand the scope of criminal application of the Convention, and strengthen international cooperation in combating cybercrime.

The two sides called for upholding the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and believed that strengthening cooperation in addressing climate change and its impacts and achieving low-emission development were of great significance. Reaffirms its commitment to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement. Both sides highly appreciate their respective ambitious nationally determined greenhouse gas emission reduction targets for 2035 proposed in the Paris Agreement.

The two sides welcomed the holding of a bilateral expert dialogue within the framework of the China-Russia Climate Change Liaison Group. We are willing to continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the fields of addressing climate change and green and low-carbon development, including low-emission technologies, greenhouse gas emission monitoring, reporting and verification, cross-border carbon trading and product carbon footprint assessment and accounting.

The Parties note with concern that some unilateral protectionist measures hinder the costs of climate action and energy justice transition globally, especially in developing countries, and firmly oppose any discriminatory unilateral measures under the pretext of addressing climate change. They emphasize that measures taken to address climate change should not constitute arbitrary or unreasonable means of discrimination or disguised restrictions on international trade.

The two sides will continue to carry out cooperation in the field of transportation, strengthen land connectivity, and coordinate and promote the construction of stable and efficient international transportation and logistics channels.

Both sides are concerned about unilateral obstruction of international shipping by individual countries, transnational organizations and their allies, which they believe poses a threat to the integrity of the entire international supply chain and maritime trade. The two sides believe that cooperation in maritime infrastructure such as ports should follow market laws and commercial principles, avoid pan-security and pan-politicization, and jointly maintain an open and mutually trusted cooperation environment.

The two sides expressed deep concern over the confrontational policies adopted by individual countries and their allies, as well as the related remarks made, and urged an end to interference in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining the existing security architecture in various regions of the world, artificially drawing lines between countries, and advocating camp confrontation. China has noted Russia’s concerns arising from the EU’s strengthening of defense construction.

The two sides pointed out that promoting NATO’s entry into the Asia-Pacific region and building a “Asia-Pacific version” NATO based on mechanisms such as the Okus Alliance are inconsistent with the task of consolidating regional peace and security. The two sides oppose attempts to undermine the ASEAN-centered regional cooperation architecture by actively building bloc alliances in the Asia-Pacific region.

The two sides stressed that at present, Japan’s accelerated “remilitarization” seriously threatens regional peace and stability, and the international community and regional countries are highly vigilant about this. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the Tokyo trial. In the course of the investigations conducted by the Tribunal, it was established that the scale of the war crimes committed by the Japanese militarists was extremely large, and that the brutality and horror of their actions against civilians were unimaginable. Urges the Government of Japan to draw lessons from this and, based on its own inhumane history of aggression, to recognize the full fruits of the Second World War and resist “a new type of militarism” and “remilitarization”, which once brought profound disasters to the peoples of the world and Japan itself.

China and Russia highly appreciate the communication and cooperation between the two sides on the Korean Peninsula issue. The two sides advocate that maintaining peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and promoting the process of political settlement of problems in the subregion are in the common interests of all countries in Northeast Asia and the international community. The two sides oppose the use of diplomatic isolation, economic sanctions, force and pressure to threaten the security of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and urge relevant parties to stop escalating regional tensions, stimulating an arms race, and abusing politicized means, and take practical measures to eliminate the risk of war on the peninsula. Based on geopolitical realities, China and Russia support all relevant parties in resolving their respective concerns in a balanced manner through political and diplomatic channels on the basis of respecting each other’s sovereignty. China and Russia will continue to communicate and cooperate closely to play a constructive role in promoting the political solution process of the peninsula issue, building a peace mechanism on the peninsula, and maintaining long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia.

The two sides will continue to strengthen cooperation under the framework of the “Greater Tumen Initiative”, deepen cooperation among “Greater Tumen Initiative” member states in areas such as trade and investment, transportation, energy, digital economy, agriculture, tourism and environment, and promote cooperation in Northeast Asia.

The two sides will strengthen cooperation with ASEAN, support ASEAN’s central position in the regional architecture, and closely communicate and cooperate within mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting, so as to jointly maintain regional peace and stability and promote cooperation and prosperity.

Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in jointly maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. The two sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations by the countries directly concerned, and firmly oppose the interference of non-regional forces in the South China Sea issue. Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in fully and effectively implementing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the early conclusion of the “Code of Conduct in the South China Sea”.

The two sides recognized the important role played by the Collective Security Treaty Organization in maintaining regional security and combating cross-border threats and challenges such as international terrorism, illegal production and trading of drugs, organized crime, and illegal immigration. They believed that the Collective Security Treaty Organization and China had the potential to cooperate in maintaining peace and security in the Eurasian region and jointly preventing external attempts to undermine regional stability.

The two sides believe that the root causes of the Ukrainian crisis must be eliminated on the basis of full, complete and comprehensive compliance with the principles of the UN Charter, ensuring the realization of common security and building an architecture for lasting peace. To this end, both sides support all efforts conducive to the pursuit of long-term sustainable peace and support the continued search for a solution through dialogue and negotiation. The Russian side positively evaluated China’s objective and fair position on the situation in Ukraine and welcomed China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic means.

The two sides will continue to work to maintain stability and sustained socio-economic development in Central Asia.

The two sides noted that terrorism continues to pose a major threat to Afghanistan, its surrounding areas and even global security, and called on regional countries and the international community to strengthen bilateral and multilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with Afghanistan, support Afghanistan’s comprehensive measures, eliminate terrorism as soon as possible, and prevent Afghan territory from being used to endanger the security of neighboring countries and the region.

The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms to support Afghanistan in achieving long-term peace and stability at an early date. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s Neighboring Countries, the Afghanistan Question “Moscow Model” Consultations, the China－Russia－Pakistan－Iran Four-Nation Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political solution of the Afghanistan issue.

The two sides agreed that the military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran violate international law and basic norms governing international relations, and seriously undermine the stability of the situation in the Middle East. Stresses that the parties to the conflict should return to the track of dialogue and negotiation as soon as possible to prevent the spread and spillover of the fighting. The international community is called upon to maintain an objective and impartial position, to promote the de-escalation of the situation and to jointly defend the basic norms governing international relations.

Both sides advocate a lasting ceasefire in Gaza, believing that this will help maintain long-term stability and provide unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need. The two sides confirmed that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue should be established on the basis of recognized international law and centered on the “two-state solution”, and that an independent, prosperous and territorially intact Palestinian state should be established, living side by side with Israel in peace and security.

The two sides support Syria in safeguarding its national sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity, and believe that the Syrian transitional government should firmly oppose all forms of terrorism and extremism.

The two sides agreed that Africa in the 21st century has huge development potential. Achieving peace, stability and true independence is the foundation for the development of African countries and the modernization of the African continent, and will help inject strong impetus into the development and modernization process of the whole world. The two sides called on the international community to support African countries in implementing the goals of the AU’s “Agenda 2063: Africa of Our Hope” with practical actions and to solve African problems in an African way. The two sides oppose the abuse of coercion and pressure by individual countries in international economic and trade relations, which interferes with and undermines normal economic and trade exchanges between African countries and other countries. The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation and practical cooperation with African countries and major African integration organizations such as the African Union, and jointly maintain a constructive atmosphere of international cooperation with Africa.

The two sides reiterated their support for the status of the Latin American and Caribbean Peace Zone, their support for Latin American and Caribbean countries to independently choose their own development paths and partners, their opposition to any behavior that violates the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and infringes on the sovereignty and security of other countries, and their opposition to external forces interfering in the internal affairs of Latin American and Caribbean countries under any pretext.

The two sides expressed concern about the militarization of the United States and its allies in high latitudes, and confirmed that they would abide by the norms of international law in the Arctic region and respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of countries in the Arctic region. The two sides expressed the need to protect the Arctic as a region of peace, stability and low military and political tension, and to carry out constructive dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation in the Arctic region through multilateral mechanisms such as the Arctic Council.

President of the People’s Republic of China President of the Russian Federation

Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin