Following talks between Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin in Beijing on May 16, the first day of the Russian President’s state visit to China, the two countries adopted and signed a joint statement.
Divided into ten sections and running to nearly 8,500 words, the statement reflects the high degree of synergy between the two major developing countries and comprehensively deals with the full spectrum of bilateral relations, foreign policy issues and key questions facing humanity.
It begins by noting that, in 2024, China and Russia solemnly celebrate the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Over the past 75 years, China-Russia relations have gone through an extraordinary course of development. The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China recognized the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the Soviet Union and reiterated its willingness to develop China-Russia relations on the basis of equality, mutual respect and mutually beneficial cooperation.
Under the unremitting efforts of both sides, China-Russia relations follow the national interests of the two countries, uphold the spirit of good-neighbourliness and friendship forever, and maintain healthy and stable development.
They pointed out that the current China-Russia relations transcend the military and political alliance model of the Cold War era and are characterized by non-alignment, non-confrontation and not targeting third parties.
And they stressed that the development of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era is in line with the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, and is not a matter of expediency, nor is it affected by a single incident, and has strong endogenous power and independent value.
Russia reaffirmed its adherence to the one-China principle, recognized that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China, opposed any form of “Taiwan independence”, and firmly supported China’s measures to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification. China supports Russia’s efforts to maintain its own security and stability, development and prosperity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, and opposes external forces’ interference in Russia’s internal affairs.
The two sides pointed out that the world’s major changes are accelerating, and the status and strength of emerging powers in the “Global South” are constantly increasing and the acceleration of world multipolarisation is becoming more and more obvious. Countries that adhere to hegemonism and power politics go against this trend and attempt to replace and subvert the universally recognized international order based on international law with a “rules-based order”.
The two sides believe that all countries have the right to independently choose their development model and political, economic, and social systems according to their own national conditions and the will of the people and oppose interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states, oppose unilateral sanctions and “long-arm jurisdiction” without a basis in international law or authorization by the UN Security Council, and oppose drawing lines based on ideology. They point out that neo-colonialism and hegemonism completely run counter to the current trend of the times, and call for equal dialogue, the development of partnerships, and the promotion of exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations.
China and Russia will continue to firmly defend the results of the victory of the Second World War and the post-war world order enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, and oppose the negation, distortion, and falsification of the history of World War II. They plan to solemnly celebrate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Soviet Union’s Patriotic War in 2025 and jointly promote a correct view of the history of World War II.
The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale of joint exercises and training activities, regularly organize joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen coordination and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and continuously improve the ability and level of the two sides to jointly respond to risks and challenges.
They believe that, in accordance with the basic principle of sovereign equality of states in international law, international obligations regarding the immunity of states and their property (including sovereign reserves) must be strictly observed. The two sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property, and stress that the victim state has the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.
This refers particularly to the multiple measures taken, and under consideration, by the imperialist powers against Russia. However, they are also threatened against China and have been deployed against a range of other countries, including Afghanistan, Venezuela, Iran, the DPRK and Equatorial Guinea, among others.
Having surveyed bilateral economic relations in detail, the statement also refers to some of their international ramifications.
The two countries will establish a China-Russia Arctic Channel Cooperation Subcommittee under the framework of the mechanism of regular meetings between Chinese and Russian prime ministers, carry out mutually beneficial cooperation in the development and utilization of the Arctic, protect the ecosystem of the Arctic region, promote the Arctic Channel as an important international transportation corridor, and encourage enterprises of the two countries to strengthen cooperation in increasing the cargo volume of the Arctic Channel and building the logistics infrastructure of the Arctic Channel
They will engage in constructive dialogue with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on the issue of navigation of Chinese ships to the sea via the lower reaches of the Tumen River.
They will also continue to work closely to implement the “Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Eurasian Economic Union” signed on May 17, 2018, and promote the docking and cooperation between the joint construction of the Belt and Road and the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union and deepen all-round cooperation and connectivity in the Eurasian region.
In accordance with the “Medium-term Roadmap for the Development of Trilateral Cooperation among China, Russia and Mongolia” and the “Planning Outline for the Construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”, they will continue to carry out trilateral cooperation among the three countries.
Turning to international organizations, the two sides reaffirmed their commitment to building a more just and stable multipolar international pattern and are willing to deepen bilateral cooperation within the framework of the United Nations, including the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council, and strengthen coordination when discussing important international issues in various United Nations agencies.
They condemn unilateral actions that circumvent the UN Security Council, violate international law, such as the UN Charter, and obliterate justice and conscience, as well as unilateral measures that violate World Trade Organization (WTO) rules.
The two sides believe that cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is an important direction for strengthening the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between the two countries. They will continue to work together to build the SCO into an authoritative and influential multilateral organization, so that it can play a greater role in building a new, just and stable multipolar international pattern.
The two sides are willing to work with other BRICS members to implement the consensus of previous BRICS leaders’ meetings, promote the integration of new members into the existing BRICS cooperation mechanism, and explore the BRICS partnership cooperation model. They will continue to uphold the BRICS spirit, enhance the voice of the BRICS mechanism in international affairs and international agenda setting, and actively carry out “BRICS+” cooperation and BRICS outreach dialogue.
Both sides reaffirm their adherence to the “Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races” issued on January 3, 2022, especially the idea that a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought, and once again call on all participating countries of the joint statement to earnestly abide by the statement.
China and Russia support the success of the review process of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and at the same time oppose attempts to use the treaty and its review process for political purposes unrelated to its content.
The two sides once again express serious concern about the US attempts to undermine strategic stability in order to maintain its absolute military superiority, mainly including the US building a global missile defence system and deploying missile defence systems around the world and in space, strengthening the ability of high-precision non-nuclear weapons to deprive the other side of the ability to organize military operations and the ability to launch “decapitation” strikes, strengthening the “nuclear sharing” arrangement of NATO in Europe and providing “extended deterrence” to individual allies, building infrastructure in Australia, a signatory to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, that could be used to ensure the implementation of US and British nuclear forces, carrying out US-UK-Australia nuclear submarine cooperation, and implementing plans to deploy and provide land-based medium- and short-range missiles to allies in the Asia-Pacific and Europe.
They express serious concern that the US, under the pretext of conducting joint exercises with its allies that are clearly aimed at China and Russia, is taking actions to deploy land-based intermediate-range missile systems in the Asia-Pacific region. The US side also claims that it will continue to advance the above-mentioned practices, with the ultimate intention of normalizing the deployment of missiles around the world. The two sides express the strongest condemnation of the above-mentioned measures that seriously undermine regional stability and pose a direct security threat to China and Russia and will strengthen coordination and cooperation to respond to the US so-called “dual containment” policy towards China and Russia, which is unconstructive and hostile.
Both countries are committed to the goal of a world free of chemical weapons and express deep concern about the politicization of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). They point out that the Chemical Weapons Convention, as an important mechanism in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, should be fully complied with and urge Japan to fully, completely and accurately implement the “Plan for the Destruction of Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China after 2022” and destroy the chemical weapons abandoned in China [following Japan’s defeat in World War II] as soon as possible.
Regarding Ukraine, the Russian side positively evaluates China’s objective and impartial position on the issue and agrees with the view that the crisis must be resolved on the basis of full and complete compliance with the UN Charter. It welcomes China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means.
The two sides pointed out that all actions that prolong the war and escalate the conflict must be stopped and called for avoiding the crisis from getting out of control. They stressed that dialogue is a good way to resolve the Ukraine crisis.
China and Russia believe that in order to steadily resolve the Ukraine crisis, it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis, abide by the principle of indivisible security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries.
In the Asia Pacific region, the two sides oppose the piecing together of closed and exclusive group structures, especially military alliances targeting any third party. They point out that the US “Indo-Pacific Strategy” and the destructive actions that NATO intends to take in the region have a negative impact on its peace and stability.
The two sides express serious concern about the consequences of the US-UK-Australia trilateral security partnership (AUKUS) for strategic stability in the Asia-Pacific region in various fields.
The Russian side supports China and ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations] countries to jointly maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea.
The two sides oppose the hegemonic actions of the United States to change the balance of power in Northeast Asia by expanding military forces and piecing together military groups. The United States adheres to the Cold War mentality and camp confrontation model, puts the security of “small groups” above regional security and stability, and harms the security of all countries in the region. The United States should stop such actions.
Specifically regarding the Korean peninsula, the two sides oppose the deterrence actions of the United States and its allies in the military field, the instigation of confrontation with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the possible escalation of tensions on the peninsula that may lead to armed conflicts. They urge the United States to take effective measures to ease military tensions and create favourable conditions, abandon intimidation, sanctions and suppression means, and promote the resumption of the negotiation process between the DPRK and other relevant countries on the principle of mutual respect and accommodating each other’s security concerns. They reiterate that political and diplomatic means are the only way out to resolve all issues on the peninsula and call on the international community to support the constructive joint initiatives of China and Russia.
The two sides are willing to strengthen coordination on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, and promote Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified, and peaceful country, free from the harm of terrorism and drugs, and living in harmony with all its neighbours. They attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s Neighbouring Countries, the “Moscow Format” Consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran Quadrilateral Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.
They stress that the United States and NATO, as the responsible parties for invading and occupying Afghanistan for 20 years, should not attempt to deploy military facilities in Afghanistan and its surrounding areas again, but should bear the main responsibility for the current economic and livelihood plight of Afghanistan, undertake the main expenditure for the reconstruction of Afghanistan, and take all necessary measures to lift the freeze on Afghan national assets.
In order to develop friendly, stable and prosperous relations with neighbouring countries, the two sides will continue to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation with Central Asian countries and strengthen coordination within international organizations and multilateral mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia and the United Nations.
And they will continue to strengthen strategic coordination on Latin American and Caribbean affairs. The two sides hope to strengthen cooperation in various fields with relevant countries and mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean, including but not limited to the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), the Pacific Alliance (AP), the Andean Community (CAN), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), the Central American Integration System (SICA), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and other regional organizations, as well as international organizations such as the United Nations, the G-20 and BRICS.
The significance of this joint statement goes far beyond the scope of bilateral relations. As a veritable ‘multipolarity manifesto’, it needs to be read and studied closely and constitutes one of the most important documents in contemporary international relations.
We reprint below the full text of the joint statement. It was machine translated by the Inside China blog and has been lightly sub-edited by us. The Chinese language original may be read here.
People’s Republic of China and Russian Federation
On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries
On deepening comprehensive strategic cooperation in the new era
Joint statement of partnership
At the invitation of President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China, President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin paid a state visit to the People’s Republic of China from May 16 to 17, 2024. The two heads of state held formal talks in Beijing and jointly attended the opening ceremony of the 2024-2025 China-Russia Cultural Year and a special concert marking the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia. Li Qiang, Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, met with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Russian President Vladimir Putin also visited Harbin to attend the opening ceremony of the 8th China-Russia Expo.
The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the “Sides”), declare as follows:
Section 1
In 2024, China and Russia solemnly celebrate the 75th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Over the past 75 years, China-Russia relations have gone through an extraordinary course of development. The Soviet Union was the first country in the world to recognize and establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China recognized the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the Soviet Union and reiterated its willingness to develop China-Russia relations on the basis of equality, mutual respect and mutually beneficial cooperation. The “Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation” signed on July 16, 2001 laid a solid foundation for the continuous comprehensive strengthening of China-Russia relations. The positioning of bilateral relations has been continuously upgraded, reaching the highest historical level of comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era. Under the unremitting efforts of both sides, China-Russia relations follow the national interests of the two countries, uphold the spirit of good-neighbourliness and friendship forever, and maintain healthy and stable development.
The two sides pointed out that the current China-Russia relations transcend the military and political alliance model of the Cold War era and are characterized by non-alignment, non-confrontation and not targeting third parties. Faced with a turbulent and changing world pattern, China-Russia relations have withstood the test of international vicissitudes and highlighted the characteristics of stability and resilience and are now at the best level in history. The two sides stressed that the development of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era is in line with the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, and is not a matter of expediency, nor is it affected by a single incident, and has strong endogenous power and independent value. The two sides firmly safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, oppose any attempt to hinder the normal development of relations between the two countries, interfere in the internal affairs of the two countries, and restrict the economic, technological, and international space of the two countries.
The two sides reiterated that China and Russia always regard each other as priority partners for cooperation, always adhere to mutual respect, equal treatment, cooperation, and win-win, always abide by the “Charter of the United Nations”, international law and the basic norms of international relations, and become a model for relations between major powers and the largest neighbours in today’s world. The two sides are willing to further deepen their comprehensive strategic coordination, resolutely support each other on issues concerning each other’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and development, and other core interests, give full play to their respective advantages in a reasonable and effective manner, with a view to maintaining the national security and stability of the two countries and promoting development and revitalization. The two sides will follow the principles established in the “Treaty of Good-Neighbourliness and Friendly Cooperation Between China and Russia” signed on July 16, 2001 and other bilateral documents and statements, and carry out high-quality and high-level mutually beneficial cooperation in a wide range of fields.
China welcomes the successful holding of the Russian Federation presidential election in March 2024, and believes that the election was highly organized, open, objective, and universal, and its results fully demonstrate the broad support for the national policies pursued by the Russian government, while developing friendly relations with the People’s Republic of China is an important part of Russia’s foreign policy.
China strongly condemns all organizers, perpetrators, and planners of the inhumane terrorist attack in Moscow Oblast on March 22, 2024, believing that attacks on civilians are completely unacceptable, and supports Russia’s resolute fight against terrorist forces and extremist forces to maintain national peace and stability.
Russia reaffirmed its adherence to the one-China principle, recognized that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China, opposed any form of “Taiwan independence”, and firmly supported China’s measures to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification. China supports Russia’s efforts to maintain its own security and stability, development and prosperity, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, and opposes external forces’ interference in Russia’s internal affairs.
The two sides pointed out that the world’s major changes are accelerating, and the status and strength of emerging powers in the “Global South” are constantly increasing, and the acceleration of world multipolarisation is becoming more and more obvious. These objective factors have accelerated the reallocation of development potential, resources, opportunities, etc., in a direction favourable to emerging markets and developing countries and promoted the democratization of international relations and international fairness and justice. Countries that adhere to hegemonism and power politics go against this trend and attempt to replace and subvert the universally recognized international order based on international law with a “rules-based order”. The two sides stressed that the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives proposed by the Chinese side have important positive significance.
As an independent force in the process of establishing a multipolar world, China and Russia will fully tap the potential of bilateral relations, promote the realization of equal and orderly world multipolarisation and the democratization of international relations, and pool their strength to build a just and reasonable multipolar world.
The two sides believe that all countries have the right to independently choose their development model and political, economic and social systems according to their own national conditions and the will of the people and oppose interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states, oppose unilateral sanctions and “long-arm jurisdiction” without a basis in international law or authorization by the Security Council, and oppose drawing lines based on ideology. The two sides pointed out that neo-colonialism and hegemonism completely run counter to the current trend of the times, and called for equal dialogue, the development of partnerships, and the promotion of exchanges and mutual learning between civilizations.
The two sides will continue to firmly defend the results of the victory of the Second World War and the post-war world order enshrined in the “Charter of the United Nations”, and oppose the negation, distortion, and falsification of the history of World War II. The two sides pointed out that it is necessary to carry out correct historical education, protect the world’s anti-fascist memorial facilities from desecration or destruction, and strongly condemn behaviours that beautify or even attempt to revive Nazism and militarism. The two sides plan to solemnly celebrate the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Soviet Union’s Patriotic War in 2025, and jointly promote a correct view of the history of World War II.
Section 2
The two sides will take the head-of-state diplomacy as the guide to promote the all-round development of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era. The two sides will fully implement the important consensus reached by the heads of state of the two countries, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, ensure the smooth operation of exchange mechanisms between governments, localities, and people, and actively explore the creation of new cooperation channels.
The two sides will continue to carry out exchanges between the leaders of the legislative bodies of the two countries, deepen cooperation between the parliamentary cooperation committees, joint working groups, specialized committees and parliamentary friendship groups of the two countries, maintain exchanges and cooperation between the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the Office of the President of the Russian Federation, and conduct trust-based dialogues under the framework of strategic security consultations and law enforcement security cooperation mechanisms, and promote exchanges between political parties, people and academia of the two countries.
The two sides are pleased to point out that the two countries are steadily carrying out defence cooperation on the basis of high-level strategic mutual trust, effectively maintaining regional and global security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale of joint exercises and training activities, regularly organize joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen coordination and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and continuously improve the ability and level of the two sides to jointly respond to risks and challenges.
The two sides attach great importance to cooperation in the field of law enforcement security, and are willing to strengthen cooperation in combating terrorism, separatism, extremism, and transnational organized crime under bilateral frameworks as well as the United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS and other frameworks. The two sides are committed to strengthening cooperation between local law enforcement departments of the two countries in border areas.
The two sides pointed out that it is unacceptable to use multilateral or national judicial systems, or to provide assistance to foreign judicial authorities or multilateral legal mechanisms, to interfere in the sovereign affairs of countries, and expressed deep concern about the increasing politicization of international criminal justice and the violation of human rights and sovereign immunity. The two sides believe that any country or group that takes such measures is acting illegally, violating recognized norms of international law, and will undermine the ability of the international community to combat crime.
The two sides believe that, in accordance with the basic principle of sovereign equality of states in international law, international obligations regarding the immunity of states and their property (including sovereign reserves) must be strictly observed. The two sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property, and stress that the victim state has the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law. The two sides are determined to protect each other’s state property in their own country and ensure the safety, inviolability, and timely return of the other party’s state property during its temporary transit to their own country.
The two sides plan to improve the recognition and enforcement mechanism of legal judgments stipulated in the “Treaty on Civil and Criminal Judicial Assistance between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation” signed on June 19, 1992.
The two sides will continue to strengthen pragmatic cooperation in the field of emergency management, carry out cooperation in disaster prevention, mitigation and relief, work safety, such as space monitoring and aviation rescue technology, and organize joint rescue exercises and training.
Section 3
The two sides believe that pragmatic cooperation between China and Russia is an important factor in promoting the economic and social development and common prosperity of the two countries, ensuring technological progress and national economic sovereignty, realizing national modernization, enhancing people’s well-being, and maintaining the stability and sustainability of the world economy. The two sides are willing to promote inclusive and open economic globalization. The two sides are pleased to see that pragmatic cooperation between China and Russia in various fields continues to advance and has achieved positive results. In accordance with the principle of mutual benefit and win-win cooperation, the two sides are willing to continue to deepen cooperation in various fields, work closely together, jointly overcome external challenges and unfavourable factors, improve the efficiency of bilateral cooperation, and achieve stable and high-quality development of cooperation. To this end, the two sides agreed:
In accordance with the “Joint Statement by the Heads of State of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Development Plan for Key Areas of China-Russia Economic Cooperation by 2030”, vigorously promote high-quality development of cooperation in various fields.
Continue to expand the scale of bilateral trade, optimize the trade structure, deepen cooperation in service trade, e-commerce, digital economy, sustainable development, and jointly maintain the stability and security of industrial and supply chains.
Welcome the 8th China-Russia Expo to be held in Harbin, China, and support representatives from all walks of life in China and Russia to participate in important forums and exhibitions held in the two countries.
Continuously improve the level of investment cooperation between the two countries, jointly promote the implementation of major cooperation projects, protect the rights and interests of investors, and create fair and just conditions for investment. Give full play to the role of coordination mechanisms in the field of investment between the two countries. Upgrade the “Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investments” as soon as possible.
Accelerate the formulation and approval of a new version of the “Outline of China-Russia Investment Cooperation Plan” in 2024, make every effort to promote the implementation of the “Outline”, and improve the effectiveness of bilateral investment cooperation.
Continue to consolidate China-Russia energy strategic cooperation and achieve high-level development, ensure the economic and energy security of the two countries. Strive to ensure the stability and sustainability of the international energy market and maintain the stability and resilience of the global energy industry chain and supply chain. Carry out cooperation in the fields of oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, coal, electricity, etc. in accordance with market principles, ensure the stable operation of relevant cross-border infrastructure, and ensure the smooth flow of energy transportation. Jointly promote the implementation of large-scale energy projects by Chinese and Russian companies and deepen cooperation in prospective fields such as renewable energy, hydrogen energy and carbon markets.
On the basis of the experience of successfully implemented and ongoing projects, deepen cooperation in the civilian nuclear energy sector in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit and balance of interests, including thermonuclear fusion, fast neutron reactors, and closed nuclear fuel cycle, and explore cooperation in the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle and the joint construction of nuclear power plants in a package.
Increase the share of local currencies in bilateral trade, financing and other economic activities. Improve the financial infrastructure of the two countries and clear the settlement channels between the business entities of the two countries. Strengthen regulatory cooperation in the banking and insurance industries between China and Russia, promote the sound development of banks and insurance institutions opened by both sides in each other’s countries, encourage two-way investment, and issue bonds in each other’s financial markets on the premise of following market principles. Support further cooperation in insurance, reinsurance, and payment facilitation, and create good conditions for the growth of tourists from both sides. On the basis of mutual recognition of Chinese and Russian accounting standards (in the field of bond issuance), auditing standards and auditing supervision, actively promote mutually beneficial cooperation in practical fields.
Carry out China-Russia financial intelligence cooperation, jointly prevent risks such as money laundering and terrorist financing and continue to strengthen cooperation under the anti-money laundering multilateral framework.
Improve the level of cooperation in the industrial and innovation fields, jointly develop advanced industries, strengthen technology and production cooperation, including civil aviation manufacturing, shipbuilding, automobile manufacturing, equipment manufacturing, electronics, metallurgy, iron ore mining, chemical industry and forest industry. Create favourable conditions for the implementation of promising projects in priority areas by both sides, expand industrial product trade exchanges and increase their share in bilateral trade, and promote the process of industrial modernization of the two countries.
Carry out mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of information and communication technology, including artificial intelligence, communications, software, Internet of Things, open source, network and data security, electronic games, radio frequency coordination, vocational education and professional scientific research.
Consolidate the long-term partnership between the two sides in the aerospace field, implement major projects of national aerospace programs that are in line with the common interests of China and Russia, promote cooperation in the field of lunar and deep space exploration, including the construction of the International Lunar Research Station, and strengthen cooperation in the application of the BeiDou and GLONASS satellite navigation systems.
Release the huge potential of cooperation in the agricultural sector, expand mutual market access for agricultural products between the two countries, improve the trade level of soybeans and their processed products, pork, aquatic products, grains, oils and fats, fruits and vegetables, nuts, and other agricultural and food products. Deepen agricultural investment cooperation and continue to study the establishment of China-Russia agricultural cooperation pilot and demonstration zones in the Russian Far East and other regions.
Deepen cooperation in transportation, logistics and ports, build stable, smooth, and sustainable transportation and logistics corridors, and develop direct or transit transportation routes between the two countries. Simultaneously strengthen the construction of border port infrastructure, strengthen the standardized management of ports, improve the efficiency of port inspection and customs clearance capacity, and ensure the smooth and steady flow of passengers and goods in both directions. Improve the customs clearance and transportation capacity of China-Europe freight trains transiting through Russia, and jointly ensure the safe and efficient transportation of goods. From the strategic significance of the China-Russia partnership, actively promote the development of air transportation, encourage airlines of both sides to increase more routes and flights in a standardized manner, covering more regions.
Strengthen cooperation in the customs field, focusing on promoting exchanges and cooperation in international trade “single window”, applying modern regulatory mechanisms and automated management processes, further promoting trade exchanges, improving the transparency of import and export business, and effectively combating customs violations.
Strengthen exchanges of experience and practice sharing in the protection and utilization of intellectual property rights and give full play to the important role of intellectual property rights in promoting scientific and technological innovation and economic and social development.
Strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation in the field of competition policy, including cooperation in law enforcement and protection of competition rules in commodity markets (including digital commodity markets), to create favourable conditions for economic and trade cooperation between the two sides.
Further promote cooperation in industry, infrastructure, housing and urban development.
Establish a China-Russia Arctic Channel Cooperation Subcommittee under the framework of the mechanism of regular meetings between Chinese and Russian prime ministers, carry out mutually beneficial cooperation in the development and utilization of the Arctic, protect the ecosystem of the Arctic region, promote the Arctic Channel as an important international transportation corridor, and encourage enterprises of the two countries to strengthen cooperation in increasing the cargo volume of the Arctic Channel and building the logistics infrastructure of the Arctic Channel. Deepen cooperation in polar ship technology and construction.
Actively support local cooperation and border cooperation and expand comprehensive exchanges between local governments of the two countries. Under the framework of the preferential system in the Russian Far East, strengthen investment cooperation in accordance with market-oriented and commercial principles, and carry out industrial and high-tech industrial cooperation and production. Jointly develop Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Heixiazi Island) in accordance with the principles of good-neighbourliness, friendship and respect for national sovereignty. Accelerate the negotiation of the text of the “Intergovernmental Agreement on the Navigation of Ships in the Waters Surrounding Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (Tarabarov Island and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island) (Draft)”. The two sides will engage in constructive dialogue with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on the issue of navigation of Chinese ships to the sea via the lower reaches of the Tumen River.
Deepen environmental cooperation and strengthen cooperation in the fields of transboundary water body protection, emergency environmental pollution contact, biodiversity protection and solid waste treatment.
Continue to work closely together to improve the environmental quality of border areas between the two countries.
Continue to work closely to implement the “Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Eurasian Economic Union” signed on May 17, 2018, and promote the docking and cooperation between the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” and the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union and deepen all-round cooperation and connectivity in the Eurasian region.
Continue to implement the consensus of the heads of state of the two countries on the parallel and coordinated development of the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” and the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” and create conditions for the steady independent development of the economy and society of Eurasian countries.
In accordance with the “Medium-term Roadmap for the Development of Trilateral Cooperation among China, Russia and Mongolia” and the “Planning Outline for the Construction of the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”, continue to carry out trilateral cooperation among China, Russia and Mongolia.
Section 4
The two sides believe that people-to-people exchanges are extremely important and far-reaching for enhancing mutual understanding, carrying forward the tradition of good-neighbourliness and friendship, continuing the friendship between the two peoples from generation to generation, and consolidating the social foundation of bilateral relations. The two sides are willing to work together to actively expand people-to-people cooperation between the two countries, improve the level of cooperation, and expand the fruits of cooperation. To this end, the two sides agreed:
Continue to deepen educational cooperation and improve the legislative foundation. Promote the expansion of scale and improvement of quality of two-way student exchanges, promote the teaching of Chinese in Russia and the teaching of Russian in China, encourage educational institutions to expand exchanges, cooperate in running schools, carry out joint training of high-level talents and joint research, support cooperation in the field of basic research between universities, support activities of alliances of similar universities and middle school alliances, and deepen cooperation in vocational and digital education.
Deepen scientific and technological exchanges. Develop the potential of cooperation in the fields of basic research and applied research, expand cooperation under the framework of large scientific facilities, support the joint construction of modern laboratories and advanced scientific research centres, safeguard the autonomy of scientific and technological development of the two countries, promote personnel exchanges, and carry out interdisciplinary research on climate change.
Make full use of the opportunity of the Year of China-Russia Culture in 2024-2025 to carry out comprehensive exchanges in the fields of art performances, museums, libraries, cultural heritage protection, art education and creative industries. Broaden the geographical scope of cultural exchanges and actively promote the participation of Chinese and Russian local youth and cultural workers. Continue to hold cultural festivals, literary forums and the China-Russia Cultural Grand Gathering. Encourage research on new initiatives such as organizing the “International Popular Song Contest”. The two sides believe that cultural and civilizational diversity and uniqueness are the foundation of a multipolar world, and will carry out exchanges, cooperation and mutual learning on this basis, oppose the politicization of culture, oppose discriminatory and exclusive “cultural superiority”, oppose the implementation of “cultural cancellation” by some countries and nations, and the destruction and demolition of monuments and religious facilities, and promote more countries to identify with traditional moral concepts.
Engage in dialogue on the protection, research, repair, utilization of historical religious facilities, martyr memorial facilities and historical and cultural heritage.
Promote cooperation in the film industry, including China’s support for Russia’s establishment of the Eurasian Academy of Cinematic Arts and the establishment of the “Open Eurasia Film Award”, and will actively consider selecting films to participate in related award activities.
Continue to promote cooperation in the field of health, such as disaster medicine, epidemiology, oncology and nuclear medicine, ophthalmology, pharmacology, and maternal and child health. Promote the training of higher medical talents by using advanced experience in modern medical technology.
Carry out cooperation in the prevention and control of infectious diseases and the field of early warning and response to biological disasters and attach great importance to carrying out relevant cooperation in the border areas between China and Russia.
Highly evaluate the results of the China-Russia Sports Exchange Year 2022-2023, continue to pragmatically promote cooperation in the field of sports, and deepen exchanges in various events. The Chinese side highly appreciates the first “Future Games” to be held by the Russian side in Kazan in 2024 and supports the Russian side in hosting the BRICS Games. The two sides oppose the politicization of sports, oppose the use of sports as a tool to discriminate against athletes based on nationality, language, religion, political or other beliefs, race and social background, and call on the international community to carry out equal international sports cooperation in accordance with the Olympic spirit and principles.
Expand cooperation in the field of tourism, create favourable conditions for increasing the number of tourists visiting each other between China and Russia, promote the development of cross-border tourism, jointly implement the “Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on Mutual Visa Exemption for Group Tours” signed on February 29, 2000, and accelerate the negotiation on the revision of the agreement.
Strengthen media exchanges between the two countries, promote mutual visits of personnel at all levels, support pragmatic professional dialogue, actively carry out high-quality content cooperation, tap the potential of new media and new technologies in the field of mass media cooperation, objectively and comprehensively report on major global events, and disseminate true information in the international public opinion arena. Continue to promote exchanges and cooperation between book translation and publishing institutions of the two countries in knowledge and experience, and promote the mutual broadcast of TV channel programs.
Support cooperation between archival departments, including exchanges of advanced work experience and archival information, as well as joint preparation of archival publications and implementation of exhibition projects related to the history of China and Russia and the history of relations between the two countries.
Support the work of the China-Russia Committee of Friendship, Peace, and Development, encourage cooperation through friendship associations and other non-governmental friendship organizations, promote people-to-people exchanges and mutual understanding between China and Russia, and strengthen exchanges between experts and think tanks of the two countries.
Strengthen cooperation in the field of youth, carry out education on ideals and beliefs, correct values and patriotism, and support youth innovation and entrepreneurship, volunteer service, and creativity improvement. In order to consolidate and enrich the results of the World Festival of Youth and Students and the World Youth Development Forum, continue to deepen youth exchanges at all levels and carry out cooperation on multilateral youth platforms to promote common international cooperation initiatives.
Section 5
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to building a more just and stable multipolar international pattern, fully and unconditionally respecting and abiding by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and upholding true multilateralism. The two sides stressed that the work of the Group of Friends in Defence of the Charter of the United Nations should be further strengthened.
The two sides are willing to deepen bilateral cooperation within the framework of the United Nations, including the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council, and strengthen coordination when discussing important international issues in various United Nations agencies.
The two sides are willing to continue to work together to promote constructive dialogue and cooperation among parties in the field of multilateral human rights, advocate the common values of all mankind, oppose the politicization of human rights, double standards, and the use of human rights issues to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, and jointly promote the healthy development of all aspects of the international human rights agenda.
In order to improve the health level of all mankind, the two sides will continue to carry out close cooperation on global health issues, including supporting the role of the World Health Organization and opposing the politicization of its work.
The two sides firmly promote an open, inclusive, transparent and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system based on WTO rules. The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation within the framework of the WTO, promote WTO reform including the restoration of the normal functioning of the dispute settlement mechanism, and promote the implementation of the results of the 13th WTO Ministerial Conference. The two sides oppose the politicization of international economic relations, including the work of multilateral organizations in the fields of trade, finance, energy, and transportation, which will lead to the fragmentation of global trade, protectionism and vicious competition.
The two sides condemn unilateral actions that circumvent the UN Security Council, violate international law such as the UN Charter and obliterate justice and conscience, as well as unilateral measures that violate WTO rules. Restrictive measures that violate WTO rules hinder the development of free trade and have a negative impact on global industrial and supply chains. China and Russia are firmly opposed to this.
In addition, the two sides stressed that they are willing to strengthen cooperation on multilateral platforms in professional fields to promote common positions and oppose the politicization of the work of international organizations.
Section 6
The two sides believe that cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is an important direction for strengthening the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between the two countries. The two sides will continue to work together to build the Shanghai Cooperation Organization into an authoritative and influential multilateral organization, so that it can play a greater role in building a new, just and stable multipolar international pattern.
The two sides will work with other member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to improve the organization’s work, tap the potential of cooperation in political, security, economic and humanitarian fields, and make the Eurasian region a common home of peace, stability, mutual trust, development and prosperity.
The Chinese side fully supports the work of the Russian side as the chair of BRICS in 2024 and [believes that it] will do a good job in hosting the 16th BRICS Leaders’ Meeting.
The two sides are willing to work with other BRICS members to implement the consensus of previous BRICS leaders’ meetings, promote the integration of new members into the existing BRICS cooperation mechanism, and explore the BRICS partnership cooperation model. The two sides will continue to uphold the BRICS spirit, enhance the voice of the BRICS mechanism in international affairs and international agenda setting, and actively carry out “BRICS+” cooperation and BRICS outreach dialogue.
The two sides will promote the improvement of the level of cooperation between BRICS countries on the international stage, including strengthening cooperation among BRICS countries in trade, digital economy, public health, and effectively promoting dialogue on the use of local currency settlement and payment tools and platforms in trade business among BRICS countries.
The two sides believe that the role of UNESCO as a universal platform for intergovernmental people-to-people exchanges should be further strengthened to promote respectful professional dialogue on this platform, facilitate effective communication among member states, reach consensus, and enhance solidarity.
The two sides highly appreciate the constructive cooperation between China and Russia in the G20, reaffirm their willingness to continue to strengthen coordination under this mechanism, promote the building of inclusive economic globalization, take balanced and consensus-based actions to address prominent economic and financial challenges, promote the development of the global governance system in a more just direction, and enhance the representativeness of emerging markets and developing countries in the global economic governance system. The two sides welcome the African Union as a full member of the G20 and are willing to make constructive efforts for the interests of emerging markets and developing countries.
The two sides will continue to carry out close and mutually beneficial cooperation within the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), promote the comprehensive and balanced implementation of the Putrajaya Vision, and promote the building of an Asia-Pacific community. To this end, the two sides are willing to further promote common principles and positions, promote the building of an open world economy, advance the process of Asia-Pacific regional economic integration, promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, ensure the stability and smoothness of cross-border industrial and supply chains, promote the digital and green transformation and sustainable development of the Asia-Pacific region, and benefit the people of the region.
The Russian side highly appreciates the Global Development Initiative and will continue to participate in the work of the Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative. The two sides will continue to promote the international community to focus on development issues, increase development investment, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Section 7
The two sides note that at present, regional and global conflicts continue, the international security environment is unstable, and the increasing confrontation between countries, including nuclear-weapon states, has led to increasing strategic risks. The two sides express concern about the international security situation.
The two sides reaffirm their adherence to the “Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races” issued on January 3, 2022, especially the idea that a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought, and once again call on all participating countries of the joint statement to earnestly abide by the statement.
The two sides believe that all nuclear-weapon states should uphold the principle of maintaining global strategic stability, equal and indivisible security, and should not infringe on each other’s vital interests by expanding military alliances and alliances and establishing military bases in the vicinity of other nuclear-weapon states’ borders, especially pre-deploying nuclear weapons and their delivery vehicles and other military strategic facilities. Comprehensive measures must be taken to prevent direct military confrontation between nuclear-weapon states, with a focus on eliminating the root causes of conflicts in the security field.
China and Russia support the success of the review process of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and at the same time oppose attempts to use the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its review process for political purposes unrelated to the content of the treaty.
The two sides once again express serious concern about the US attempts to undermine strategic stability in order to maintain its absolute military superiority, mainly including the US building a global missile defence system and deploying missile defence systems around the world and in space, strengthening the ability of high-precision non-nuclear weapons to deprive the other side of the ability to organize military operations and the ability to launch “decapitation” strikes, strengthening the “nuclear sharing” arrangement of NATO in Europe and providing “extended deterrence” to individual allies, building infrastructure in Australia, a signatory to the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty, that could be used to ensure the implementation of US and British nuclear forces, carrying out US-UK-Australia nuclear submarine cooperation, and implementing plans to deploy and provide land-based medium- and short-range missiles to allies in the Asia-Pacific and Europe.
The two sides express serious concern that the US, under the pretext of conducting joint exercises with its allies that are clearly aimed at China and Russia, is taking actions to deploy land-based intermediate-range missile systems in the Asia-Pacific region. The US side also claims that it will continue to advance the above-mentioned practices, with the ultimate intention of normalizing the deployment of missiles around the world. The two sides express the strongest condemnation of the above-mentioned measures that seriously undermine regional stability and pose a direct security threat to China and Russia and will strengthen coordination and cooperation to respond to the US so-called “dual containment” policy towards China and Russia, which is unconstructive and hostile.
The two sides reiterate that the Biological Weapons Convention should be fully complied with and continuously strengthened and institutionalized to reach a legally binding protocol with an effective verification mechanism. The two sides demand that the United States not engage in any bio-military activities that threaten the security of other countries and relevant regions, both inside and outside its territory.
The two sides oppose the attempts of individual countries to use outer space for armed confrontation and oppose security policies and activities aimed at gaining military advantages and defining and using outer space as a “combat domain”. The two sides propose to start negotiations on a legally binding multilateral instrument based on the draft “Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and of the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects” as soon as possible, in order to provide fundamental and reliable guarantees for preventing an arms race in outer space, the weaponization of outer space and the threat or use of force against outer space objects or through outer space objects. In order to safeguard world peace, ensure the equal and indivisible security of all countries, and improve the predictability and sustainability of the exploration and peaceful use of outer space by all countries, the two sides agree to promote the international initiative/political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space on a global scale.
The two sides are committed to the goal of a world free of chemical weapons and express deep concern about the politicization of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. The two sides point out that the Chemical Weapons Convention, as an important mechanism in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, should be fully complied with. The two sides urge Japan to fully, completely and accurately implement the “Plan for the Destruction of Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China after 2022” and destroy the chemical weapons abandoned in China as soon as possible.
The two sides will continue to coordinate actions on chemical weapons disarmament and non-proliferation issues and are committed to restoring the authority of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and promoting its work to return to a non-politicized technical track.
The two sides reaffirm their commitment to the export control obligations stipulated in the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention, and oppose the replacement of non-proliferation intentions with hypocritical political purposes, the politicization and weaponization of non-proliferation export controls, serving short-sighted national interests and implementing illegal unilateral restrictive measures.
The two sides reaffirm their commitment to promoting the full and effective implementation of the UN General Assembly resolution on “Promoting International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space”.
The two sides are willing to deepen coordination in combating international terrorism and extremism, adopt a “zero tolerance” attitude towards the “three forces” including the “East Turkestan Islamic Movement”; at the same time, they are willing to further strengthen cooperation in combating transnational organized crime, corruption, illegal trafficking of drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors, and jointly respond to other new challenges and new threats.
The two sides attach great importance to the issue of artificial intelligence and are willing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation on the development, security and governance of artificial intelligence. The Russian side welcomes the “Global Initiative on Artificial Intelligence Governance” proposed by the Chinese side, and the Chinese side welcomes the governance norms proposed by the Russian side in the field of artificial intelligence. The two sides agree to establish and make good use of regular consultation mechanisms to strengthen cooperation in artificial intelligence and open-source technology, coordinate positions when reviewing artificial intelligence regulatory issues on international platforms, and support international conferences related to artificial intelligence held by each other.
The two sides reiterate their consistent position on maintaining security in the field of information and communication technology and agree to work together to deal with various types of cyber security risks, including those related to artificial intelligence. The two sides encourage the global community to jointly promote the healthy development of artificial intelligence, share the benefits of artificial intelligence, strengthen international cooperation in artificial intelligence capacity building, properly address the issue of military application of artificial intelligence, and support exchanges and cooperation in artificial intelligence in mechanisms and platforms such as the United Nations, the International Telecommunication Union, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the International Organization for Standardization. They oppose the use of technological monopolies and unilateral coercive measures to maliciously hinder the development of artificial intelligence in other countries and cut off the global artificial intelligence supply chain.
The two sides affirm the leading role of the United Nations in formulating common rules in the field of international information security and support the 2021-2025 UN Open-ended Working Group on Information Security as an irreplaceable global negotiation platform in this field and to carry out regular work. The two sides pointed out that new, responsible norms of state behaviour in information space should be developed, especially the development of universal legal instruments can lay the foundation for the establishment of an international legal mediation mechanism aimed at preventing conflicts between states in information space, which is conducive to building a peaceful, open, secure, stable, interconnected and accessible information and communication technology environment. The two sides believe that the UN General Assembly resolution 74/247 should be implemented and the formulation of a comprehensive international convention against the use of information and communication technologies for criminal purposes should be completed within the framework of the UN Ad Hoc Committee.
The two sides support the creation of a multilateral, democratic and transparent global Internet governance system on the premise of ensuring the security and stability of the network systems of various countries.
The two sides are willing to strengthen coordination under the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS and other multilateral mechanisms. The competent authorities of the two sides are willing to deepen bilateral cooperation in the field of international information security within the framework of existing legal treaties.
Section 8
The two sides take measures to address climate change, and reaffirm their adherence to the goals, principles and institutional framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Paris Agreement, especially the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The two sides emphasized that financial support provided by developed countries to developing countries is crucial for mitigating the increase in global average temperature and adapting to the negative impacts of global climate change. The two sides oppose the establishment of trade barriers in the name of addressing climate change and linking climate issues with threats to international peace and security.
The two sides appreciate the “Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework” adopted at the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity hosted by the Chinese side and are willing to promote the harmonious development of man and nature and help global sustainable development.
The two sides are determined to increase efforts to control plastic waste pollution on the basis of respecting the national conditions and sovereignty of each country, and work with all parties to formulate a legally binding instrument to address environmental pollution (including marine pollution) caused by plastic waste.
The two sides express serious concern about Japan’s discharge of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water into the ocean, demand that Japan dispose of Fukushima nuclear-contaminated water in a responsible and safe manner, accept strict international monitoring, and respect the requirements of relevant countries to carry out independent monitoring.
Section 9
The Russian side positively evaluates China’s objective and impartial position on the Ukraine issue and agrees with the view that the crisis must be resolved on the basis of full and complete compliance with the UN Charter.
The Russian side welcomes China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means.
The two sides pointed out that all actions that prolong the war and escalate the conflict must be stopped and called for avoiding the crisis from getting out of control. The two sides stressed that dialogue is a good way to resolve the Ukraine crisis.
The two sides believe that in order to steadily resolve the Ukraine crisis, it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis, abide by the principle of indivisible security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries.
Section 10
The two sides believe that the destiny of the people of all countries is shared, and no country should seek its own security at the expense of the security of other countries. The two sides express concern about the real challenges to international and regional security and point out that in the current geopolitical context, it is necessary to explore the establishment of a sustainable security system in the Eurasian space based on the principle of equal and indivisible security.
The two sides call on relevant countries and organizations to stop adopting confrontational policies and interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining the existing security architecture, building “small yards and high walls” between countries, and inciting regional tensions and advocating camp confrontation.
The two sides oppose the piecing together of closed and exclusive group structures in Asia and the Pacific, especially military alliances targeting any third party. The two sides point out that the US “Indo-Pacific Strategy” and the destructive actions that NATO intends to take in the Asia-Pacific region have a negative impact on the peace and stability of the region.
The two sides express serious concern about the consequences of the US-UK-Australia trilateral security partnership (AUKUS) for strategic stability in the Asia-Pacific region in various fields.
The two sides will strengthen coordination on deepening cooperation with ASEAN and continue to work together to promote the consolidation of ASEAN’s central position in the multilateral architecture of the Asia-Pacific region and enhance the effectiveness of ASEAN-led mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit and the ASEAN Regional Forum.
The Russian side supports China and ASEAN countries to jointly maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea. The two sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiation and consultation by the countries directly concerned, and firmly oppose external forces interfering in the South China Sea issue. The Russian side supports the full and effective implementation of the “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea” by China and ASEAN countries and welcomes the early conclusion of the “Code of Conduct in the South China Sea”.
The two sides oppose the hegemonic actions of the United States to change the balance of power in Northeast Asia by expanding military forces and piecing together military groups. The United States adheres to the Cold War mentality and camp confrontation model, puts the security of “small groups” above regional security and stability, and harms the security of all countries in the region. The United States should stop such actions.
The two sides oppose the deterrence actions of the United States and its allies in the military field, the instigation of confrontation with the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and the possible escalation of tensions on the Korean Peninsula that may lead to armed conflicts. The two sides urge the United States to take effective measures to ease military tensions and create favourable conditions, abandon intimidation, sanctions and suppression means, and promote the resumption of the negotiation process between the DPRK and other relevant countries on the principle of mutual respect and accommodating each other’s security concerns. The two sides reiterate that political and diplomatic means are the only way out to resolve all issues on the peninsula and call on the international community to support the constructive joint initiatives of China and Russia.
The two sides advocate maintaining peace and stability in the Middle East region and oppose interference in the internal affairs of regional countries. The two sides support a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestinian issue on the basis of the “two-state solution” as a key element and recognized international law and look forward to seeing the establishment of an independent Palestinian state with the 1967 borders as the basis and East Jerusalem as its capital, peacefully and securely coexisting with Israel.
The two sides support the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of Syria and Libya, and promote a political solution process led and owned by the people of these two countries.
The two sides will actively cooperate to consolidate security in the Gulf region and promote regional countries to enhance mutual trust and achieve sustainable development.
The two sides are willing to strengthen coordination on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, and promote Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified, and peaceful country, free from the harm of terrorism and drugs, and living in harmony with all its neighbours. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s Neighbouring Countries, the “Moscow Format” Consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran Quadrilateral Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.
The two sides stress that the United States and NATO, as the responsible parties for invading and occupying Afghanistan for 20 years, should not attempt to deploy military facilities in Afghanistan and its surrounding areas again, but should bear the main responsibility for the current economic and livelihood plight of Afghanistan, undertake the main expenditure for the reconstruction of Afghanistan, and take all necessary measures to lift the freeze on Afghan national assets.
The two sides believe that the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Commonwealth of Independent States play an important role in maintaining regional stability and combating international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, and other cross-border threats and challenges. The two sides stress that China and the Collective Security Treaty Organization have potential for cooperation in maintaining peace and security in the Eurasian region and jointly responding to external challenges.
In order to develop friendly, stable and prosperous relations with neighbouring countries, the two sides will continue to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation with Central Asian countries and strengthen coordination within international organizations and multilateral mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia and the United Nations.
The two sides agree that the peace, stability and attainment of true independence and autonomy of African countries are the basis for the development and prosperity of the African continent. The two sides call for maintaining a good and healthy atmosphere for international cooperation with Africa. To this end, the two sides will continue to strengthen communication and coordination on African affairs and contribute to supporting African countries to solve African issues in an African way.
The two sides will continue to strengthen strategic coordination on Latin American and Caribbean affairs. The two sides hope to strengthen cooperation in various fields with relevant countries and mechanisms in Latin America and the Caribbean, including but not limited to the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), the Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR), the Pacific Alliance (AP), the Andean Community (CAN), the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA), the Central American Integration System (SICA), the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) and other regional organizations, as well as international organizations such as the United Nations, the Group of 20 and the BRICS.
The two sides advocate that the Arctic should continue to be a place of peace, stability, constructive dialogue, and mutually beneficial cooperation, and should not create military and political tensions in the region.
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