The explainer article below, originally published on Xinhua News Agency, challenges Western allegations that China is imposing a “debt trap” on developing countries through loans tied to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The article specifically addresses the recent analysis from Australian foreign policy thinktank the Lowy Institute claiming that the poorest 75 countries in the world are due to pay record high debt repayments to China this year.
The authors write: “A closer look at the debt structure and facts will prove that those allegations cannot hold water.” They note that the lion’s share of developing world debt is in fact owed to Western lending institutions. World Bank data indicates that, for Sub-Saharan Africa, bilateral debt with China accounts for 11 percent of the total. Furthermore, debt to Chinese entities typically incurs far lower interest rates, and is associated with longer maturities and greater repayment flexibility. Unlike loans from Western multilateral lending institutions, China’s loans come without punishing conditions of “reform” – that is, privatisation and liberalisation measures.
“In the 46 countries that participated in the G20 Debt Service Suspension Initiative, Chinese creditors accounted for 30 percent of all claims and contributed 63 percent of debt service suspensions… China’s debt reduction has already doubled the average reduction scale of the G7 countries.”
The article also highlights that China’s loans are typically focused on infrastructure, telecommunications and green energy, and are thus helping the poorest countries to generate wealth, improve living standards, and break out of underdevelopment.
The article concludes that the “debt trap” narrative is simply a rhetorical strategy by Western powers to undermine China’s growing mutually-beneficial relationships with the countries of the Global South.
A recent report published by an Australian think tank claimed that many developing countries were on the hook for record high debt repayments to China in 2025, as bills come due from the lending under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
Once again, China became an easy target to blame. In recent years, Western think tanks and media outlets have kept hyping up the so-called Chinese “debt trap.” However, a closer look at the debt structure and facts will prove that those allegations cannot hold water.
Who is the biggest lender?
The think tank report blamed China as the major source of debt pressure for developing countries, warning that “now, and for the rest of this decade, China will be more debt collector than banker to the developing world.”
In fact, for many developing countries, a majority of debts are owed to Western donors and multilateral institutions, while Chinese entities’ loans account for only a minority.
For example, in the Sub-Saharan Africa region, 66 percent of public and publicly guaranteed debt is held by private bondholders and multilateral creditors, while bilateral debt with China accounts for 11 percent, as the International Debt Report 2023 released by the World Bank (WB) Group has shown.
As for Sri Lanka, its debt to Chinese entities accounts for only 10.8 percent of its total external debt, while private creditors taking the lion’s share of 53.6 percent, multilateral creditors — 20.6 percent, according to data released by the country’s Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance, Economic Stabilization & National Policy as of March 2023.
Spokesperson for Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry Mumtaz Baloch has previously slammed a New York Times article’s accusations that “Chinese loans led to Pakistan’s economic crisis,” retorting that the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has made positive and transparent contributions to Pakistan’s national development.
The total public debt involved in the CPEC project is only a small part of Pakistan’s total debt, Baloch said, noting that the public trade debt from China has low interest rates and long maturities.
Contrary to portrayals by Western think tanks and media of China as an unforgiving lender, China has actively contributed to global debt relief efforts over the years.
In the 46 countries that participated in the G20 Debt Service Suspension Initiative, Chinese creditors accounted for 30 percent of all claims and contributed 63 percent of debt service suspensions.
Since 2016, China, as a bilateral creditor, has been responsible for roughly 16 percent of global debt relief, surpassing the United States and the WB, said professor Ding Yibing, dean of School of Economics, Jilin University, adding that China’s debt reduction has already doubled the average reduction scale of the G7 countries.
Amid the growing concerns of a debt default, China has always adhered to the principle of equality in bilateral relations and proactively participates in just and fair negotiations with different nations, said Song Wei, a professor at the School of International Relations and Diplomacy, Beijing Foreign Studies University.
China’s contribution to debt relief exemplifies the international obligations expected for a responsible major country, Song said.
What are China’s loans really for?
The report claimed that the pressure to repay China’s debt was raising the debt vulnerability of developing countries and putting strain on local funding for health and education as well as climate change mitigation.
However, the vast majority of developing countries and BRI partner countries see the truth behind the false narrative very clearly.
China’s financial engagement has helped Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) countries and other developing countries meet critical infrastructure needs and build self-sufficiency, said Pedro Barros, a researcher at Brazil’s Institute for Applied Economic Research.
“Chinese financing has been vital for regional growth. Ecuador, for example, once reliant on electricity imports, now has multiple hydropower plants built with China’s help, significantly reducing power shortages,” he said.
A report by the Latin America and the Caribbean Network on China revealed that China-aided infrastructure projects in the region have generated over 777,000 jobs between 2005 and 2023.
In addition, contrary to what the report said that China could use the repayments for geopolitical leverage, China’s loans always focus on shared development goals without imposing political conditions, experts say.
As Africa’s largest partner in the green energy transition, China provides African consumers with “affordable, durable and accessible” green products, without imposing conditions, said Adhere Cavince, a Kenya-based international relations scholar.
In contrast, Western aid is often tied to political and economic conditions such as austerity measures, privatization and “democracy promotion,” which often cause civil strife, Cavince added.
The so-called “debt trap” was further challenged by a report from Boston University’s Global Development Policy Center, which described China’s loans as “patient capital” — long-term financial options that boost connectivity, enhance trade and attract investment.
Why the West passes the buck
For years, the West has been hyping up the so-called “debt trap” resulting from Chinese loans, in what many experts described as an attempt to disrupt normal cooperation between China and the developing world.
The “debt trap” narrative promoted by Western powers against China is “highly hypocritical,” Honduran Vice Foreign Minister Gerardo Torres told Xinhua in 2024 on the sidelines of the inaugural LAC Development Forum in Beijing.
Noting that China-LAC win-win cooperation aligns closely with the region’s development needs, Torres said Western countries lack the moral stand to criticize the so-called Chinese “debt trap,” given their historical role as major creditors to the region.
“For decades, Western nations have imposed their financial criteria through loans that never led to true development,” he said, referring to the mega-dollar debts owed by LAC countries to Western lenders.
Barros also labeled the Western promotion of the “debt trap” narrative as a rhetorical device.
“For decades, Western countries have misused financial tools, undermining democracy and development in LAC. Now, they accuse China of doing the same,” he said. “But the abuses in the past weren’t about the loans themselves — they stemmed from a colonial mindset that persisted for centuries.”
China’s growing engagement with the developing world unsettles some nations in the West, said Humphrey Moshi, director of the Center for Chinese Studies at the University of Dar es Salaam in Tanzania. “The ‘debt trap’ narrative aims to discredit China’s growing influence in Africa and maintain Western dominance,” he said.
“They use narratives like ‘neocolonialism’ and ‘debt trap’ as geopolitical tools to smear China and weaken the effectiveness of its development partnerships with developing countries,” Cavince said.
“It is neither in the interest of emerging economies nor that of China,” Cavince added. “That is why, despite the hype, no African country is taking it seriously.”
I am from Vancouver,Canada and i want to say the Old Saying : You Can Fool Some people all the Time and All the People some of the Time is been used against China.
The western Gov’ts knows that any Person with a Political Conscious knows what the western Gov’ts are saying concerning China been a Debt Trap for a lot of countries is Not True. But they will go ahead and say it anyway hoping that some people will believe it. This will not work. The BRICS Countries have proved that.