During President Xi Jinping’s May 7-10 state visit to Russia, during which he participated in the celebrations of the 80th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s victory over Nazi Germany in the Great Patriotic War, besides concluding with his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin the Joint Declaration on Further Strengthening Cooperation to Uphold the Authority of International Law and that on Global Strategic Stability, the two heads of state also signed a Joint Statement of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Deepening the China-Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination in the New Era on the Occasion of Commemorating the 80th Anniversary of the Victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War and the Founding of the United Nations.
This 8,500-word statement not only details a wide range of issues connected to these anniversaries and surveys the broad spectrum of bilateral relations between China and Russia. It also sets out the two countries’ identity of views on a great number of contemporary regional and global issues. As with the other joint statements, it goes into granular detail, demonstrating the unprecedentedly high level not only of agreement but of active and practical coordination between Beijing and Moscow. It is therefore not hyperbole to observe that these documents are of considerable historical significance, contributing to and demonstrating President Xi’s oft stated observation that the world is currently experiencing changes unseen in a century. Therefore anyone with a serious interest in international relations should study them closely.
The statement begins by noting that, “This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the World Anti-Fascist War, and the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War. The Second World War was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history. China and the Soviet Union, as the main battlefields in Asia and Europe respectively, stood at the forefront of resisting the attacks of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany and its vassal states, and were the two backbone forces in the fight against militarism and fascism. The Chinese and Soviet peoples suffered great hardships brought by foreign aggression and the baptism of extremely harsh wars. They fought shoulder to shoulder in arduous struggles, gave each other selfless assistance, made great sacrifices, and achieved great victories, making great historical contributions to defending human dignity and rebuilding world peace.”
In today’s world, China and Russia shoulder the common responsibility and mission of maintaining a correct view of World War II history. China and Russia will always remember the just feats of the two peoples in maintaining world peace, cherish the memory of the tens of millions of heroes and innocent civilians who sacrificed their lives for the freedom and independence of future generations, and pay high tribute to the old soldiers and heroic rear-line workers who made combat exploits during the war years. Both sides will continue to attach importance to educating the younger generation to take the predecessors as role models, adhere to the indelible spirit of patriotism, cultivate the responsibility for the motherland and the people, and promote the fearless spirit of sacrifice for the realisation of national peace and prosperity.
Among many areas of bilateral relations, it states that: “The two sides reiterated that the close relationship between the Chinese and Russian militaries is of special significance, which will help the two countries to more effectively defend their sovereignty and national interests and effectively respond to traditional and non-traditional threats and challenges. The two sides will continue to strengthen military and military-technical cooperation to benefit the people of China and Russia and safeguard global and regional security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale and scope of joint military exercises, regularly organise joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen exchanges and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and promote China-Russia military cooperation to a higher level.”
Other highlights of the statement include:
- Both sides expressed concern that certain countries and their allies, in pursuit of their own hegemony and selfish interests, are attempting to tamper with the results of the victory of the Second World War, subvert the principles of the post-war international order and weaken the core role of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security.
- The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to abide by international law, especially the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and resisted any attempt to tamper with the basic principles of international law. The purposes and principles of the UN Charter are an integral and basic part of international law and should be fully, faithfully and completely observed.
- The two sides pointed out that building a more equitable and sustainable multipolar world order is the general trend. Some countries are obsessed with hegemony and neo-colonialism, abuse aggressive policies, restrict other countries’ sovereignty, and curb other countries’ economic and technological development in order to protect their own privileges. This is not in line with the trend of the times towards a multipolar world and democratisation of international relations.
- The two sides reiterated their commitment to seeking political solutions to crises through dialogue and supported the international community’s constructive participation in the political settlement of hotspot conflicts on the basis of non-interference in internal affairs and eliminating the consequences and root causes of conflicts.
- The two sides will work with other member states to continue to enhance the international influence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and promote the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation to make practical contributions to building a more just multipolar international structure with the United Nations at its core and strictly following the principles of international law. The two sides will actively deepen cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, lay the foundation for the formation of an equal and indivisible security architecture on the Eurasian continent, and build a common home of peace, stability, mutual trust, development and prosperity.
- Both sides attach great importance to the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and support the continuous absorption of countries that recognise the purposes, tasks and basic principles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter, including the “Shanghai Spirit” of “mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilisations and pursuit of common development” to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Both sides support strengthening cooperation in various fields between the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and observer states, dialogue partners, relevant countries and international organisations in the form of “SCO+”.
- The two sides will work to strengthen cooperation among BRICS countries in the fields of trade, finance, mining, digital economy, public health, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, connectivity, governance, etc., and promote BRICS countries to strengthen research and cooperation on issues such as bilateral trade settlement in local currencies, reform of the international financial architecture, sustainable development, food and energy security, and response to climate change and carbon markets.
- The two sides will assist new member countries and partner countries in smoothly integrating into the BRICS cooperation mechanism, continue to promote the enhancement of the international influence of BRICS countries, and promote close ties between BRICS countries and the vast number of developing countries by attracting more partner countries to participate in BRICS cooperation, strengthening “BRICS+” and BRICS peripheral dialogues, etc.
- The two sides pointed out that some countries and their allies have used unilateral illegal restrictive measures such as trade and financial restrictions, significantly increased tariffs and other non-market competition methods, which have had a negative impact on the world economy, undermined fair competition, and obstructed international cooperation in addressing common challenges facing all mankind, including hindering the maintenance of global food security, energy security, and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The two sides condemned the despicable actions of bypassing the UN Security Council to violate the UN Charter and international law, obstruct justice, and violate the rules of the World Trade Organisation.
- The two sides believe that, in accordance with the fundamental principle of international law of the sovereign equality of States, international obligations concerning the immunities of States and their property, including sovereign reserves, must be strictly observed. The two sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property and emphasise the right of the victimised State to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.
- The two sides highly valued the constructive cooperation between China and Russia in the G20, reiterated their willingness to continue to promote the role of the G20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, jointly promote inclusive economic globalisation, respond to global financial and economic challenges based on the basic principle of consensus, and promote the international order to develop in a more just, balanced and reasonable direction in the three dimensions of economy, society and ecology. The two sides will strongly support South Africa’s work as the rotating chair of the G20 in 2025.
- The two sides pointed out that one of the strategic risks that urgently needs to be eliminated is that some nuclear-weapon states are expanding their military alliances in sensitive areas around other nuclear-weapon states, exerting pressure by force or carrying out hostile acts that threaten the fundamental security interests of other countries. The two sides condemned some nuclear-weapon states for developing an unrestricted global multi-layered anti-missile system, deploying land-based medium- and short-range missiles targeting other nuclear-weapon states abroad, and promoting the so-called “extended deterrence” and “nuclear sharing” arrangements that are extremely destructive, undermining regional stability and global security. The two sides oppose all kinds of provocative actions that raise tensions and strategic risks against nuclear-weapon states.
- The two sides reiterated their opposition to individual countries defining and using outer space as a “combat territory”, advocated that all countries make a political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space, and stood for launching multilateral negotiations as soon as possible on the basis of the China-Russia draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, so as to formulate an instrument binding on international law to prevent an arms race in outer space.
- The two sides firmly oppose any attempt to incite other countries around the world to take a hostile stance against China and Russia and to smear China-Russia cooperation. China and Russia will strengthen coordination and cooperation and resolutely respond to the US’s “dual containment” against China and Russia.
- The two sides pointed out that the United States and its allies are trying to promote NATO’s eastward expansion into the Asia-Pacific region, build “small circles” in the Asia-Pacific region, and win over countries in the region to promote their “Indo-Pacific strategy”, undermining regional peace, stability and prosperity. The two sides oppose the establishment of a “nuclear sharing” military alliance against China and Russia, oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons systems in the region under the pretext of strengthening “extended deterrence”, and oppose the deployment of global anti-missile systems and land-based intermediate-range missile systems that undermine strategic stability.
- Russia supports China and ASEAN [Association of South East Asian Nations] countries in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. Both sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations by the directly concerned countries and firmly oppose the intervention of external forces in the South China Sea issue. Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in the comprehensive and effective implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and welcomes the early conclusion of the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.
- The two sides welcome Russia’s role as the rotating chair of the Greater Tumen Initiative in 2025, support strengthening cooperation in Northeast Asia, deepen collaboration among the member states of the Greater Tumen Initiative in areas such as transportation, energy, trade and investment, digital economy, agriculture, tourism and environment, and explore the transformation of the Greater Tumen Initiative into an independent international organisation. [The Greater Tumen Initiative is a partnership of China, Mongolia, the Republic of Korea and Russia, supported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) to promote economic development and regional integration in Northeast Asia.]
- The two sides advocated that the political and diplomatic approach is the only way to promote a comprehensive solution to the Korean peninsula issue, and urged relevant countries to abandon the policy of unilateral coercive measures and suppression against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), as well as the policy aimed at promoting militarisation and provoking confrontation in Northeast Asia, and to take practical measures to promote the easing of tensions and eliminate the threat of armed incidents and large-scale military conflicts on the peninsula. The two sides believe that mutual respect for sovereignty and balanced consideration of the interests of all relevant countries are necessary conditions for resolving the peninsula issue. The two sides reiterated their willingness to play a constructive role in promoting the political settlement process of the peninsula issue and achieving long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia. [What is noteworthy here, and in line with recent trends, is that there is no reference to denuclearization on the part of the DPRK.]
- The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, and promote Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified and peaceful country, free from the harm of terrorism and drugs, and living in harmony with all its neighbours. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s Neighboring Countries, the “Moscow Format” consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran Four-Nation Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.
- In order to steadily and lastingly resolve the Ukrainian crisis, the two sides believe that it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis on the basis of fully and completely complying with the principles of the UN Charter, abide by the principle of indivisibility of security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to peace. The Russian side positively evaluates China’s objective and fair position on the Ukrainian issue and welcomes China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic means. China will continue to work to promote a political solution to the crisis through platforms such as the “Friends of Peace” group.
- The two sides called for maintaining stability in the Middle East and advocated resolving sensitive issues through political and diplomatic means. Both sides stressed that the Palestinian issue must be resolved comprehensively, justly and lastingly on the basis of universally recognised international law and the “two-state solution” to establish an independent Palestinian state that coexists peacefully and securely with Israel.
- The two sides support a comprehensive solution to the Syrian issue on the basis of extensive national dialogue, support Syria in safeguarding its national sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, and believe that Syria should firmly oppose all forms of terrorism and extremism.
- The two sides are committed to continuing to deepen constructive cooperation in various fields with African countries and major regional integration organisations such as the African Union (AU), and are willing to support African countries in achieving the ambitious goals set out in the AU’s Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, and follow the principle of “solving African problems in an African way.” The two sides agree that the realisation of peace, stability and true independence and autonomy by African countries are the foundation for the development and prosperity of the African continent and for achieving modernisation. The two sides welcome cooperation between the BRICS countries and African countries in various fields and will continue to strengthen communication and cooperation on African affairs. The two sides support South Africa in assuming the rotating presidency of the G20 and leading global governance in a more just and reasonable direction.
- The two sides welcome the desire of Latin American and Caribbean countries to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect and taking into account each other’s interests, and are willing to strengthen cooperation with relevant countries and mechanisms in the region, including regional organisations such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Southern Common Market, the Andean Community, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Pacific Alliance, and the Caribbean Community, as well as strengthen cooperation with them in international multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the G20 and the BRICS, so as to jointly promote stability and prosperity in the region.
- Both sides advocate maintaining peace and stability in the Arctic region and preventing military and political tensions in the region.
The following is the full text of the Joint Statement. It was originally published on the website of the Chinese Foreign Ministry in Chinese and has been machine translated.
At the invitation of Russian President Vladimir Putin, President Xi Jinping of the People’s Republic of China will pay a state visit to the Russian Federation from May 7 to 10, 2025. The two heads of state held formal talks in Moscow and jointly signed and issued this joint statement. On May 9, President Xi Jinping attended the celebration of the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War.
The People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as “the Parties”) declare as follows:
One
This year marks the 80th anniversary of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the World Anti-Fascist War, and the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War. The Second World War was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history. China and the Soviet Union, as the main battlefields in Asia and Europe respectively, stood at the forefront of resisting the attacks of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany and its vassal states, and were the two backbone forces in the fight against militarism and fascism. The Chinese and Soviet peoples suffered great hardships brought by foreign aggression and the baptism of extremely harsh wars. They fought shoulder to shoulder in arduous struggles, gave each other selfless assistance, made great sacrifices, and achieved great victories, making great historical contributions to defending human dignity and rebuilding world peace.
The defeat of Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany declared the bankruptcy of the fascists’ plot to dominate the world with their anti-human ideology and completely shattered their attempts to enslave peoples of various countries and stifle other national cultures, national identities and traditional values.
In today’s world, China and Russia shoulder the common responsibility and mission of maintaining a correct view of World War II history. China and Russia will always remember the just feats of the two peoples in maintaining world peace, cherish the memory of the tens of millions of heroes and innocent civilians who sacrificed their lives for the freedom and independence of future generations, and pay high tribute to the old soldiers and heroic rear-line workers who made combat exploits during the war years. Both sides will continue to attach importance to educating the younger generation to take the predecessors as role models, adhere to the indelible spirit of patriotism, cultivate the responsibility for the motherland and the people, and promote the fearless spirit of sacrifice for the realization of national peace and prosperity.
The two sides will firmly defend the victory of the Second World War, resolutely crush any attempt to tamper with the history of the Second World War, belittle and obliterate the historical achievements of China and Russia in the Second World War, and smear the image of the liberators, and strongly condemn the acts of desecrating or damaging the memorial facilities of the martyrs of the Second World War. The two sides are committed to preventing the resurgence of anti-human Nazi and racial supremacist thoughts, and will continue to jointly resist the glorification of Nazis and their accomplices, the rise of neo-Nazism, the restoration of militarism, and the promotion of all forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and exclusion.
The two sides called on the international community to respect and defend the basic principles established by the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which are aimed at preventing attempts to wage war, genocide, war crimes and other crimes against humanity. The judgments of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East are the cornerstones of contemporary international law and international order, and are unshakable and unquestionable.
The Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East ruled that the war crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japanese militarists were unprecedented in the history of war, and their cruelty and horror were unimaginable. The massacres and abuses against civilians during World War II were extremely cruel. Based on a large amount of evidence, the courts found that the above crimes were part of a plan to expel and kill civilians and implement colonial rule in occupied territories.
The Russian side stressed that the crimes of the Nazis and their accomplices in expelling and killing Soviet civilians have been confirmed in the verdict of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal and should be regarded as genocide against the Soviet people.
Both sides pointed out that the Japanese government should draw lessons from the brutal crimes it committed in history, be prudent in words and deeds on historical issues such as the Yasukuni Shrine, and completely cut ties with militarism that once brought severe disasters to the people of the world and Japan itself.
In order to jointly safeguard the historical truth and not forget that the decisive events on the Asian battlefield were of great significance in prompting Japan’s surrender and ultimately achieving world peace, the two sides will continue to hold educational and commemorative activities in various forms, further explore and study the evidence and historical materials of the crimes committed by Nazi Germany and Japanese militarism during World War II, and jointly hold commemorative activities at the place where the events that changed the course of World War II history took place.
The two sides stressed that mankind should always remember the tragedy of the Second World War, its causes and lessons, and make every effort to prevent similar tragedies from happening again. China and Russia will firmly stand on the side of international justice and are willing to work with peace-loving people around the world to resolutely safeguard the post-war international order and build a better future for mankind.
Two
The two sides agreed that the two peoples forged a profound fighting friendship and mutual assistance in the World Anti-Fascist War, laying a solid foundation for the comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between China and Russia in the new era. At present, with the joint efforts of both sides, China-Russia relations have reached the highest level in history and continue to develop steadily and in all directions, setting an example for building a new type of international relations and becoming a model for cooperation between the world’s major powers and each other’s largest neighbors.
Under the strategic guidance of the two heads of state, the two sides adhere to the basic principles set out in the China-Russia Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation signed on July 16, 2001 and other bilateral documents and statements, uphold the spirit of permanent good-neighborliness and friendship, comprehensive strategic coordination, and mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation, continue to consolidate cooperation in various fields, and properly respond to external challenges.
Over a long period of time, China and Russia have formed extensive common interests, and the overall development goals of the two countries are mutually consistent, forming a solid foundation for cooperation in various fields between the two sides. China-Russia relations have unique strategic value and strong endogenous driving force. They are not directed against any third party, nor are they subject to any third party. In the face of an international situation full of changes and chaos, the two sides will maintain strategic determination, always regard each other as priority partners, and jointly resist any attempt to interfere with and undermine the traditional friendship and deep mutual trust between China and Russia, help each other’s development and revitalization, and inject stability and positive energy into the world.
The two sides firmly support each other in safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, security and stability, resolutely oppose any attempt by external forces to obstruct the normal development of bilateral relations and interfere in the internal affairs of the two countries, defend the right to independently choose their own development path, and support each other in protecting cultural and historical identities and traditional moral values.
The Russian side reiterated its commitment to the one-China principle, recognizing that there is only one China in the world, that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the People’s Republic of China, and that the government of the People’s Republic of China is the only legitimate government representing all of China. The Russian side opposes any form of “Taiwan independence” and firmly supports the measures taken by the Chinese government to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification.
China supports Russia in safeguarding its national security, stability, development and prosperity, sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external interference in Russia’s internal affairs.
The two sides will be guided by the diplomacy of heads of state, fully implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, and ensure the high-level operation of the government, legislature and inter-party exchange mechanisms.
The two sides reiterated that the close relationship between the Chinese and Russian militaries is of special significance, which will help the two countries to more effectively defend their sovereignty and national interests and effectively respond to traditional and non-traditional threats and challenges. The two sides will continue to strengthen military and military technical cooperation to benefit the people of China and Russia and safeguard global and regional security. The two sides will further deepen military mutual trust and cooperation, expand the scale and scope of joint military exercises, regularly organize joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen exchanges and cooperation under bilateral and multilateral frameworks, and promote China-Russia military cooperation to a higher level.
The Chinese side attaches great importance to and carefully maintains the memorial facilities for Soviet martyrs who died in the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, which the Russian side highly appreciates. Both sides stressed that it is of great significance to repair and maintain the memorial facilities for martyrs who died in World War II, and will continue to cooperate in searching for the remains of martyrs and missing persons and improving the relevant legal and regulatory basis.
Three
China and Russia are important trading partners of each other. Both sides highly appreciate the substantial development of bilateral economic relations in recent years and agree that bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation has made positive contributions to improving the well-being of the two peoples. Both sides firmly defend the right to independently develop bilateral economic and trade partnership. In order to further promote bilateral mutually beneficial cooperation, the two sides agreed:
——Promote the steady development of bilateral trade and optimize the trade structure by increasing the proportion of high-tech products, developing innovative e-commerce models, and supplying each other with basic materials, mineral resources, and agricultural products.
– Deepen investment cooperation, improve the level of cooperation in accordance with the new version of the “China-Russia Investment Cooperation Plan” and the “Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investment” signed on May 8, 2025, and create a fair, transparent and predictable business environment.
–Continue to consolidate the comprehensive energy cooperation partnership, support business entities in implementing cooperation projects in the fields of oil, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, civil nuclear energy, coal, electricity, renewable energy, etc., maintain the stable operation of relevant cross-border infrastructure, and promote smooth energy transportation.
——Improve the level of financial cooperation, expand inter-bank transactions, strengthen local currency settlement, and deepen cooperation in the insurance, credit rating agencies and securities fields.
— Improve the infrastructure construction of China-Russia border ports, improve the efficiency of passenger and cargo transportation, port inspection efficiency and customs clearance capacity, tap the transit transportation potential of the two countries, ensure the barrier-free operation of the China-Russia cross-border transportation corridor, and strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation on the Arctic route.
——Strengthen industrial cooperation, expand cooperation in the field of technological innovation, and consolidate the industrial chain.
——Explore the potential of scientific and technological cooperation, explore new cooperation directions in the fields of innovation, basic research and applied research, regularly select joint scientific and technological projects, implement scientific research projects, and support new scientific and technological cooperation models.
— Comprehensively deepen practical cooperation between China and Russia in various fields including economy and trade, customs, agriculture, transportation, finance, industry, environmental protection, aerospace and satellite navigation, nuclear energy, urban construction, health, information and communication technology, and ensure that the quality of bilateral cooperation is upgraded before 2030.
Four
The two sides support cultural and civilizational diversity, believe that uniqueness is the foundation of a multipolar world, and respect the unique value systems of all countries and peoples.
The two sides are committed to fair, equitable, open and inclusive international cultural cooperation, and firmly oppose the politicization of cultural cooperation, the use of discriminatory and exclusive means, and the export of harmful ideas and erroneous concepts to undermine the foundation of other countries’ cultural sovereignty.
In order to prevent the two peoples’ contributions in fighting against Japanese militarism and Nazi Germany from being forgotten, China and Russia will continue to resist any attempt to mislead young people. In order to protect traditional moral values, correct historical perspectives and cultural identity, continue to pass on moral norms, continue the friendly traditions of the two peoples, and enhance mutual understanding, the two sides agreed:
— Strengthen educational cooperation, improve the legal basis for cooperation, further expand cooperation in the fields of general vocational education, secondary vocational education, vocational education and training, and between the two countries’ universities, strengthen relevant cooperation within the framework of multilateral platforms such as BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, expand the scale of mutual exchange of students, and promote Chinese teaching in Russia and Russian teaching in China. Continue to support the two countries’ first-class universities in formulating and implementing joint teaching plans and scientific research. Support the development of alliances of similar universities in China and Russia, jointly carry out academic exchanges, and hold scientific research conferences and other scientific and educational activities.
– Support Chinese and Russian media organizations to conduct objective and fair reporting on the friendly relations between the two countries, economic and social development, etc., deepen cooperation in the media fields of the two countries in policy dialogue, joint production, exchange of audio-visual content, application of new technologies, talent training, and holding large-scale media forums, explain the common foreign stance in the global media space, and cooperate with each other within the framework of world and regional media organizations. The two sides are willing to work together to strengthen the protection of journalists and safeguard citizens’ right to obtain accurate information.
– Support the cooperation between the archives departments of the two countries and combat all attempts to distort history and erase the contributions of the two peoples in their fight against Japanese militarism and German fascism.
— Continue to hold high-level activities under the framework of the “China-Russia Cultural Year” from 2024 to 2025, and deepen exchanges and cooperation in the fields of art performances, mutual exhibitions, libraries, art education and creative industries. Continue to support the holding of activities such as library forums, cultural festivals, Moscow “Happy Spring Festival” and China-Russia Cultural Fair, and support the holding of the “Moscow Festival” series of activities in Beijing. Encourage representatives of both sides to participate in international music competitions initiated by the other side, such as the “International Pop Song Contest”. Further strengthen local exchanges and better play the role of the cultural centers established by the two countries in each other’s countries.
– Continue to promote cooperation in the film field, promote the expansion of joint film production, and promote direct contact and deepen cooperation between Chinese and Russian film workers and institutions. Start to implement the “Action Plan for Cooperative Film Production between the National Film Administration of China and the Russian Ministry of Culture before 2030”. Encourage mutual traditional film festivals and animation film weeks and other film and cultural activities, support Russia in establishing the Eurasian Film Academy and the “Eurasian Open Film Award”, and actively consider selecting films and promoting film industry professionals to participate in related award activities.
– Actively evaluate the unique role of sports in promoting unity and peace, promote international sports cooperation on the basis of equality and non-politicization, oppose discrimination against athletes for any reason, and jointly defend Olympic values and the principles of fair and just sports.
– Further strengthen cooperation in the youth field by implementing cooperative projects and plans in the fields of youth ideals, beliefs and patriotism education, innovation and entrepreneurship, volunteer service, art and creative industries. The two sides agreed to encourage the young generation of the two countries to participate in the 80th anniversary commemoration of the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the Soviet Union’s Great Patriotic War.
– Expand youth exchanges at all levels, including at the local level, coordinate and cooperate on multilateral platforms, and promote common views on youth development issues.
The two sides highly appreciated the close cooperation between the two countries in the fields of ecological protection and biodiversity conservation, especially the positive results achieved in the cooperation on giant panda protection. They supported the two sides in strengthening the protection of Siberian tigers and leopards in border areas and cooperation and exchanges on cross-border nature reserves. The two sides will carry out international cooperative research on golden monkey protection and jointly enhance the protection capabilities of rare wild animals.
Five
Both sides expressed concern that certain countries and their allies, in pursuit of their own hegemony and selfish interests, are attempting to tamper with the results of the victory of the Second World War, subvert the principles of the post-war international order and weaken the core role of the United Nations in maintaining global peace and security.
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to abide by international law, especially the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, and resisted any attempt to tamper with the basic principles of international law. The purposes and principles of the UN Charter are an integral and basic part of international law and should be fully, fully and completely observed.
The two sides pointed out that building a more equitable and sustainable multipolar world order is the general trend. Some countries are obsessed with hegemony and neo-colonialism, abuse aggressive policies, restrict other countries’ sovereignty, and curb other countries’ economic and technological development in order to protect their own privileges. This is not in line with the trend of the times towards a multipolar world and democratization of international relations.
As independent forces in the process of building a multipolar world, the two sides will fully tap the potential of bilateral relations, safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, promote the realization of an equal and orderly multipolar world and the democratization of international relations, and pool strength to build a more just and reasonable multipolar world.
China and Russia, both major victors of the Second World War, founding members of the United Nations and permanent members of the Security Council, stressed that commemorating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations in 2025 is of great significance and that the founding of the United Nations was one of the major victory outcomes of the Second World War.
The two sides reaffirmed their commitment to maintaining the central role of the United Nations in coordinating the interests of all countries and uniting to respond to contemporary challenges.
The two sides are willing to carry out closer cooperation within the framework of UN agencies such as the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly, and promote lasting and just solutions to global issues on the basis of complying with the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and balancing the interests of all parties.
Both sides attach great importance to strengthening the work of the “Group of Friends for Defending the UN Charter” and believe that the group is an effective mechanism to uphold the principles and norms of international law, promote the building of a just and democratic multipolar order, and oppose unilateral sanctions and neo-colonial practices such as the politicization of human rights issues.
The two sides support conducting extensive and equal dialogue on the basis of protecting the diversity of civilizations and achieving a balance of power and interests among countries, and explore ways to promote the international landscape to better adapt to the process of a multipolar world in the 21st century.
Russia attaches great importance to the global civilization initiative and is willing to work with China to hold relevant commemorative activities in conjunction with the “International Day of Dialogue among Civilizations” resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly, so as to jointly promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and promote mutual understanding among peoples.
The two sides stressed that the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives proposed by China are of great positive significance. The people of all countries share a common destiny, and no country should pursue its own security at the expense of the security of other countries. The two sides called on all countries to adhere to the principle of indivisibility of global and regional security, eliminate potential conflicts between countries to the greatest extent, and call for cooperation to ensure common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. The two sides will cooperate on global security initiatives. China attaches importance to the “Eurasian Security Architecture” initiative proposed by Russia and is willing to promote the connection of security concepts and the integration of interests with Russia, and contribute to maintaining world peace and security.
The two sides reiterated their commitment to seeking political solutions to crises through dialogue and supported the international community’s constructive participation in the political settlement of hotspot conflicts on the basis of non-interference in internal affairs and eliminating the consequences and root causes of conflicts.
The two sides agreed that defending the international legal system based on the UN Charter is of great significance to maintaining the stability of the Eurasian continent, and advocated that cooperation in the region in the fields of security, economy, culture and other fields should conform to the trend of multi-polarization development and benefit all countries in the Eurasian continent.
The two sides stressed that in order to ensure a reliable and sustainable security system in Eurasia, it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of conflicts between countries and abandon the behavior of creating threats to each other. China and Russia firmly condemn any external force and hegemony that attempts to undermine the process of unity and equal cooperation in Eurasia.
The two sides believe that unilateral coercive measures, including economic sanctions, that bypass the UN Security Council violate the UN Charter and other international laws and undermine international security interests. The two sides firmly oppose unilateral coercive measures that have no basis in international law and are not authorized by the Security Council, and condemn the use of intimidation, restrictions, coercion and other means to put pressure on other countries.
The two sides support the United Nations to play a central role in the governance of artificial intelligence, and emphasize the importance of respecting national sovereignty, abiding by national laws and the UN Charter in this process. They reaffirm their commitment to jointly promote the development of artificial intelligence for good and inclusive development, and believe that machine learning is conducive to promoting the economic and social development of all countries and should not become a geopolitical tool for individual countries to maintain hegemony. The two sides oppose the politicization of scientific and technological issues and the negative practices that maliciously undermine the stability of the international industrial chain and supply chain of artificial intelligence. The Russian side appreciates China’s promotion of the consensus adoption of the resolution on “Strengthening International Cooperation in AI Capacity Building” by the United Nations General Assembly, welcomes China’s proposal of the “Inclusive Plan for AI Capacity Building”, and is willing to actively carry out bilateral and multilateral cooperation based on platforms such as the “Friends Group of International Cooperation on AI Capacity Building” and the China-BRICS Artificial Intelligence Development and Cooperation Center. The two sides support each other in holding the 2025 World Artificial Intelligence Conference and the High-level Meeting on Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence and the Global Digital Forum.
The two sides reiterated that international humanitarian assistance is extremely important for civilians and victims of armed conflicts, natural disasters and other emergencies, stressed that all parties should abide by the UN Charter, and called on the international community to carry out international humanitarian assistance in accordance with the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence to ensure that the right to survival and basic needs of the affected people are guaranteed, opposed interfering in the internal affairs of other countries or undermining regional stability in the name of international assistance, and opposed politicizing and instrumentalizing the issue of international assistance. The two sides called on the international community to strengthen cooperation in the field of international humanitarian assistance, jointly promote the construction of a more just, reasonable and effective international humanitarian assistance system, and contribute to alleviating humanitarian crises around the world.
The two sides agreed that plastic pollution is caused by the improper leakage of plastic waste into the environment, and are determined to intensify efforts to combat plastic waste pollution on the basis of respecting the national conditions and sovereignty of each country, and to work with all parties to develop a legally binding instrument to address environmental pollution (including marine pollution) caused by plastic waste.
Six
The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen close cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and regard this as a promising cooperation direction for the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination in the new era.
The two sides will work with other member states to continue to enhance the international influence of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and promote the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to make practical contributions to building a more just multipolar international structure with the United Nations at its core and strictly following the principles of international law. The two sides will actively deepen cooperation within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, lay the foundation for the formation of an equal and indivisible security architecture on the Eurasian continent, and build a common home of peace, stability, mutual trust, development and prosperity.
In view of the above, the two sides believe that the priority task is to continue to implement the decision made by the Council of Heads of State of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization on July 4, 2024 on improving the organization’s operating mechanism in line with the times. The two sides are willing to take measures with other member states to accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive center for responding to security threats and challenges in Tashkent and a drug control center in Dushanbe.
Both sides attach great importance to the expansion of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and support the continuous absorption of countries that recognize the purposes, tasks and basic principles of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Charter, including the “Shanghai Spirit” of “mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations and pursuit of common development” to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Both sides support strengthening cooperation in various fields between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and observer states, dialogue partners, relevant countries and international organizations in the form of “SCO+”.
Russia supports China’s work as the rotating chair of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and China supports Russia’s hosting of the meeting of the Council of Heads of Government (Prime Ministers) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states, and both sides support each other in hosting the 2025 Summit and Prime Ministers’ Meeting. Both sides believe that the above-mentioned leaders’ meeting will further effectively unleash the huge potential of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political, security, economic and cultural fields, focus on the relevant programmatic and conceptual documents adopted by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, promote the quality and upgrade of economic and trade cooperation, and continuously improve the well-being of the people in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization region.
The two sides are willing to promote strategic cooperation in the three areas of political security, economic and trade finance, and cultural exchanges with other BRICS members.
The two sides will work to strengthen cooperation among BRICS countries in the fields of trade, finance, mining, digital economy, public health, technological innovation, artificial intelligence, connectivity, governance, etc., and promote BRICS countries to strengthen research and cooperation on issues such as bilateral trade settlement in local currencies, reform of the international financial architecture, sustainable development, food and energy security, and response to climate change and carbon markets.
The two sides will assist new member countries and partner countries in smoothly integrating into the BRICS cooperation mechanism, continue to promote the enhancement of the international influence of BRICS countries, and promote close ties between BRICS countries and the vast number of developing countries by attracting more partner countries to participate in BRICS cooperation, strengthening “BRICS+” and BRICS peripheral dialogues, etc.
Russia supports the global development initiative proposed by China and will continue to participate in the work of the “Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative”. Both sides will continue to push the international community to focus on development issues, increase development investment, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Seven
The two sides pointed out that some countries and their allies have used unilateral illegal restrictive measures such as trade and financial restrictions, significantly increased tariffs and other non-market competition methods, which have had a negative impact on the world economy, undermined fair competition, and obstructed international cooperation in addressing common challenges facing all mankind, including hindering the maintenance of global food security, energy security, and the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The two sides condemned the despicable actions of bypassing the UN Security Council to violate the UN Charter and international law, obstruct justice, and violate the rules of the World Trade Organization.
The two sides believe that, in accordance with the fundamental principle of international law of the sovereign equality of States, international obligations concerning the immunities of States and their property, including sovereign reserves, must be strictly observed. The two sides condemn attempts to confiscate foreign assets and property and emphasize the right of the victimized State to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.
The two sides will continue to work together to cope with the downward pressure on the world economy, promote more global southern countries to participate in international and regional trade, promote fair development on the African continent, support the construction of the African Continental Free Trade Area, and enable African countries to integrate into the global industrial chain and supply chain not only as suppliers of raw materials but also as producers of intermediate and end products.
The two sides believe that the risks of global trade fragmentation, discriminatory measures and increasing illegal trade restrictions are increasing. Some countries have announced the abuse of tariffs on trading partners under various pretexts, which seriously infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of all countries, seriously violates the rules of the World Trade Organization, seriously damages the rules-based multilateral trading system, and seriously impacts the stability of the global economic order. The two sides firmly oppose illegal unilateral bullying measures and unilateral protectionist measures such as abuse of tariffs and export controls that seriously undermine the international economic and trade order and have adverse negative impacts on the global industrial chain and supply chain.
The two sides are willing to actively promote an open, inclusive, transparent and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system with the World Trade Organization at its core, support the advancement of the World Trade Organization rules in line with the times, and promote the liberalization and facilitation of trade and investment. The two sides are willing to strengthen the cooperation and dialogue mechanism under the framework of the World Trade Organization, reaffirm the importance of development issues, promote the reform of the World Trade Organization, including restoring the full and normal operation of the dispute settlement mechanism, promote the inclusion of the “Investment Facilitation Agreement for Development” into the legal framework of the World Trade Organization, prepare for the pragmatic results of the 14th Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization, and jointly safeguard the interests of developing countries.
The two sides reiterated their willingness to continue to strengthen constructive cooperation in international mechanisms such as the G20, APEC, BRICS, and Shanghai Cooperation Organization, enhance the voice of developing countries in the global governance system, unite the global South, and advocate an equal and orderly multipolar world and inclusive economic globalization. Both sides attach great importance to the reform of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
The two sides highly valued the constructive cooperation between China and Russia in the G20, reiterated their willingness to continue to promote the role of the G20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, jointly promote inclusive economic globalization, respond to global financial and economic challenges based on the basic principle of consensus, and promote the international order to develop in a more just, balanced and reasonable direction in the three dimensions of economy, society and ecology. The two sides will strongly support South Africa’s work as the rotating chair of the G20 in 2025.
Russia supports China’s hosting of the APEC meeting in 2026. The two sides will continue to carry out close and mutually beneficial cooperation under the APEC framework, promote the comprehensive and balanced implementation of the Putrajaya Vision, jointly build an Asia-Pacific community, promote the building of an open world economy, jointly advance the process of regional economic integration in the Asia-Pacific, support the construction of the Asia-Pacific Free Trade Area, and create a free, open, inclusive, non-discriminatory and predictable trade and investment environment; strengthen communication and coordination, jointly promote practical cooperation in various fields such as connectivity and the digital economy, and respond to urgent economic and social challenges.
In view of the importance of deepening economic integration and cooperation in related systems in the Eurasian region, the two sides will continue to promote the implementation of the Agreement on Economic and Trade Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Eurasian Economic Union signed on May 17, 2018, upgrade the agreement in a timely manner, strengthen trade facilitation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union, jointly commit to connecting the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” with the construction of the Eurasian Economic Union, promote the parallel and coordinated development of the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” and the “Greater Eurasian Partnership”, and strengthen dialogue between regional organizations such as the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and ASEAN.
Eight
The two sides reiterated their commitment to maintaining and strengthening global strategic stability, jointly addressing challenges and threats in relevant fields, and advocating comprehensive consideration of all important factors affecting global strategic stability.
The two sides pointed out that some nuclear-weapon states have taken a series of negative measures, undermining global strategic stability, intensifying the arms race, raising the risk of conflict and posing a serious threat to international peace and security. They urged relevant countries to abandon the Cold War mentality and zero-sum game, resolve concerns through equal dialogue and mutually respectful consultations, enhance mutual trust, avoid dangerous misjudgments, and abandon measures that carry strategic risks.
The two sides pointed out that one of the strategic risks that urgently needs to be eliminated is that some nuclear-weapon states are expanding their military alliances in sensitive areas around other nuclear-weapon states, exerting pressure by force or carrying out hostile acts that threaten the fundamental security interests of other countries. The two sides condemned some nuclear-weapon states for developing an unrestricted global multi-layered anti-missile system, deploying land-based medium- and short-range missiles targeting other nuclear-weapon states abroad, and promoting the so-called “extended deterrence” and “nuclear sharing” arrangements that are extremely destructive, undermining regional stability and global security. The two sides oppose all kinds of provocative actions that raise tensions and strategic risks against nuclear-weapon states.
The two sides reiterated their commitment to the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Prevention of Nuclear War and Avoidance of an Arms Race issued on January 3, 2022, and called on the parties to the statement to take practical actions to fulfill their corresponding commitments.
The two sides reiterated their opposition to individual countries defining and using outer space as a “combat territory”, advocated that all countries make a political commitment not to be the first to deploy weapons in outer space, and stood for launching multilateral negotiations as soon as possible on the basis of the China-Russia draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects, so as to formulate an instrument binding on international law to prevent an arms race in outer space.
The two sides reaffirmed that arms control is an important means to strengthen international security and stability, and that relevant destructive measures will hinder efforts in the field of arms control. The two sides are committed to practicing true multilateralism and support the United Nations and its relevant multilateral mechanisms to play a central role in the arms control process.
The two sides will continue to be committed to maintaining the authority of international legal documents such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons, and the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and promote the implementation of the UN General Assembly resolution “Promoting international cooperation in peaceful uses in the field of international security.”
The two sides reaffirmed their common position on safeguarding international information security as determined by the intergovernmental agreement of May 8, 2015. They opposed attempts by certain countries to exploit their advantages in the field of information and communication technology to pursue their own geopolitical interests and create international security threats, and pointed out that information and communication technology should be used for peaceful purposes. The two sides are committed to strengthening bilateral and multilateral practical cooperation on international information security issues on the basis of the purposes and principles of the UN Charter.
Both sides welcome the adoption of the United Nations Convention on Cybercrime (hereinafter referred to as the “Convention”) by the United Nations General Assembly. This is the first universal international convention in the field of information security. China and Russia plan to become the first countries to sign the Convention and call on the entire international community to follow the practices of the two countries, support the Convention to enter into force as soon as possible and launch the cooperation mechanism of relevant member states to effectively combat information and communication technology crimes. Both sides will actively participate in the negotiation of the additional protocol to the Convention on issues such as conviction, and continuously promote the improvement of the international cooperation mechanism to combat cybercrime.
In order to build an international information security system and an open, secure, stable, accessible and peaceful information and communication technology environment, both sides support the discussion and formulation of new international legal instruments with universal participation of all countries at the United Nations on the basis of the existing state behavior norms. They welcome the launch of a future permanent mechanism for international information security within the framework of the United Nations to discuss in detail the functions and scope of legal instruments with international legal force in the future field of information security, including new issues such as data security and supply chain stability.
On the premise of complying with relevant laws, the two sides are jointly committed to ensuring the functional integrity, stability and security of the Internet systems of all countries, and firmly oppose the use of low-orbit network communication satellite systems to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
The two sides reiterated that they will further strengthen cooperation and coordinate positions in international and regional platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and jointly combat major global security threats such as terrorism, separatism, extremism, transnational organized crime, illegal drug trafficking, and crimes using new technologies.
The two sides believe that it is necessary to resolutely resist the spread of any extreme ideas that give rise to terrorism and extremism in the world today, and never allow the support and use of terrorist groups and other extremist forces to achieve political goals, including undermining the stability of other countries and interfering in their internal affairs. The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in combating international terrorism and extremism, and jointly combat terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of China and Russia.
Nine
The two sides strongly condemned the hegemonic behavior of some countries and their allies who attempted to replace legal concepts, put pressure on countries pursuing independent foreign policies, and distort historical truth for short-term interests.
The two sides expressed deep concern over the confrontational policies adopted by and related remarks made by some countries and their allies, and urged an end to interference in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining the existing security architecture in various regions of the world, drawing artificial lines between countries, and advocating camp confrontation.
The two sides firmly oppose any attempt to incite other countries around the world to take a hostile stance against China and Russia and to smear China-Russia cooperation. China and Russia will strengthen coordination and cooperation and resolutely respond to the US’s “dual containment” against China and Russia.
The two sides pointed out that the United States and its allies are trying to promote NATO’s eastward expansion into the Asia-Pacific region, build “small circles” in the Asia-Pacific region, and win over countries in the region to promote their “Indo-Pacific strategy”, undermining regional peace, stability and prosperity. The two sides oppose the establishment of a “nuclear sharing” military alliance against China and Russia, oppose the deployment of nuclear weapons systems in the region under the pretext of strengthening “extended deterrence”, and oppose the deployment of global anti-missile systems and land-based intermediate-range missile systems that undermine strategic stability.
The two sides will coordinate to promote the creation of space in Asia to strengthen security cooperation and promote development and prosperity, deepen cooperation and coordination on regional platforms, and jointly propose and implement cooperation initiatives in various fields through multilateral mechanisms.
The two sides will consolidate cooperation with ASEAN and maintain regional stability and prosperity.
The two sides will strengthen cooperation within the framework of ASEAN-led mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus, and promote the building of an Asian regional security architecture based on compliance with international law, mutual respect, openness and inclusiveness.
Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. Both sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved through negotiations and consultations by the directly concerned countries, and firmly oppose the intervention of external forces in the South China Sea issue. Russia supports China and ASEAN countries in the comprehensive and effective implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, and welcomes the early conclusion of the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea.
The two sides welcome Russia’s role as the rotating chair of the Greater Tumen Initiative in 2025, support strengthening cooperation in Northeast Asia, deepen collaboration among the member states of the Greater Tumen Initiative in areas such as transportation, energy, trade and investment, digital economy, agriculture, tourism and environment, and explore the transformation of the Greater Tumen Initiative into an independent international organization.
The two sides advocated that the political and diplomatic approach is the only way to promote a comprehensive solution to the Korean Peninsula issue, and urged relevant countries to abandon the policy of unilateral coercive measures and suppression against the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as well as the policy aimed at promoting militarization and provoking confrontation in Northeast Asia, and to take practical measures to promote the easing of tensions and eliminate the threat of armed incidents and large-scale military conflicts on the peninsula. The two sides believe that mutual respect for sovereignty and balanced consideration of the interests of all relevant countries are necessary conditions for resolving the peninsula issue. The two sides reiterated their willingness to play a constructive role in promoting the political settlement process of the peninsula issue and achieving long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia.
The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and under multilateral mechanisms, and promote Afghanistan to become an independent, neutral, unified and peaceful country, free from the harm of terrorism and drugs, and live in harmony with all its neighbors. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Foreign Ministers’ Meeting of Afghanistan’s Neighboring Countries, the “Moscow Format” consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran Four-Nation Mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.
Ten
In order to steadily and lastingly resolve the Ukrainian crisis, the two sides believe that it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the crisis on the basis of fully and completely complying with the principles of the UN Charter, abide by the principle of indivisibility of security, and take into account the legitimate security interests and concerns of all countries. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to peace. The Russian side positively evaluates China’s objective and fair position on the Ukrainian issue and welcomes China’s willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukrainian crisis through political and diplomatic means. China will continue to work to promote a political solution to the crisis through platforms such as the “Friends of Peace” group.
The two sides believe that the Collective Security Treaty Organization plays an important role in maintaining regional stability, including combating cross-border threats and challenges such as international terrorism, illegal drug production and trafficking, organized crime, and illegal immigration. Both sides stressed that China and the Collective Security Treaty Organization have cooperation potential in maintaining peace and security on the Eurasian continent and jointly preventing external forces from undermining regional stability.
The two sides believe that the Commonwealth of Independent States is an important factor in ensuring regional stability and sustainable cooperation among countries. They support the role of the CIS as an efficient integration organization and support close cooperation between the CIS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in areas of common concern.
The two sides will continue to work to maintain stability in Central Asia and promote steady economic and social development in the region.
The two sides highly appreciated the prospect of further strengthening the comprehensive cooperation among China, Russia and Mongolia and building the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, and will actively promote the implementation of key cooperation projects and matters under the corridor. They also agreed to continue to assist Mongolia in integrating into the regional integration process such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.
The two sides called for maintaining stability in the Middle East and advocated resolving sensitive issues through political and diplomatic means. Both sides stressed that the Palestinian issue must be resolved comprehensively, justly and lastingly on the basis of universally recognized international law and the “two-state solution” to establish an independent Palestinian state that coexists peacefully and securely with Israel.
The two sides support a comprehensive solution to the Syrian issue on the basis of extensive national dialogue, support Syria in safeguarding its national sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity, and believe that Syria should firmly oppose all forms of terrorism and extremism.
The two sides will actively cooperate to consolidate the security of the Gulf region and promote regional countries to enhance mutual trust and achieve sustainable development.
The two sides stressed that the proper solution of the Iranian nuclear issue is related to maintaining the international nuclear non-proliferation system and peace and stability in the Middle East, and the two sides will play an active and constructive role in this regard. They called on all parties concerned to persist in resolving disputes peacefully through political and diplomatic means, effectively safeguard the authority of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, coordinate and balance the goals of nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and reach a solution that takes into account the reasonable concerns of all parties through dialogue and negotiation. They opposed any party’s resort to force and illegal unilateral coercive measures, and effectively prevented the situation from escalating.
The two sides are committed to continuing to deepen constructive cooperation in various fields with African countries and major regional integration organizations such as the AU, and are willing to support African countries in achieving the ambitious goals set out in the AU’s Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, and follow the principle of “solving African problems in an African way”. The two sides agree that the realization of peace, stability and true independence and autonomy by African countries are the foundation for the development and prosperity of the African continent and for achieving modernization. The two sides welcome cooperation between the BRICS countries and African countries in various fields, and will continue to strengthen communication and cooperation on African affairs. The two sides support South Africa in assuming the rotating presidency of the G20 and leading global governance in a more just and reasonable direction.
The two sides welcome the desire of Latin American and Caribbean countries to carry out mutually beneficial cooperation on the basis of equality, mutual respect and taking into account each other’s interests, and are willing to strengthen cooperation with relevant countries and mechanisms in the region, including regional organizations such as the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, the Southern Common Market, the Andean Community, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, the Pacific Alliance, and the Caribbean Community, as well as strengthen cooperation with them in international multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the G20 and the BRICS, so as to jointly promote stability and prosperity in the region.
Both sides advocate maintaining peace and stability in the Arctic region and preventing military and political tensions in the region.
President of the People’s Republic of China Xi Jinping
President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin
Moscow, May 8, 2025
